Impact of Caste System in India Essay

1. Introduction1.1 Brief introduction of the range Feminist comment rose in the process of cultural turn proposed by Bassnett Susan and Lefevere at the close of the 1970s and in the previous(predicate) 1980s, it was the product of the latest advances in edition possibleness and the vigorous development of the libber movement that first launched in Canada by some outstanding Canadian translators, like Susanne de Lotbinire-Harwood, Barbara Godard and Kathy Mezei.(Susan 1990) A strong movement of French- verbiage libber experimental writing in Quebec stimulated their desire to promote and to suppose activities of literary mediation.Since then, some feminist theorists came up and made a lot of critics about the feminist displacement reaction theory, the near typical and influential unitys are Sherry Simons Gender in commentary Cultural identicalness and the authorities of Transmission Luise Von Flotows Translation and Gender Translating in the Era of womens lib and Barb ara Godards Views on feminist supplanting studies. The purpose of feminist interlingual rendition theory is firmly opposed to placing women in the inflict social class and making explanation subsidiary to literature. They are against that, as John Forio summarizedtranslators are handmaid to authors, women inferior to men.This is the core of feminist translation theory, which seeks to identify and critique the tangle of beliefs which relegates both women and translation to the puke of the social and literary ladder. We can see that it stressed the subjectivity of translation, hold the idea that first is equivalent to the translation and the sexuality discrimination can be eliminated by rewriting the translation. (20121-27) From this point of view, the theory is accepted by most, especi in whollyy translation theorists, since it has provided a new learning perspective for them in translation theory research and translation practice.1.2 The application of the feminist theory in literature. As one of the most important foundational textual matters of our Western culture. However, there are many masculine language, image and metaphor in the early script so that it is hard to avoid non to consider God as male. With the rising of womens lib, women Christian became awakening to the situation of womens oppression, so they reacted strongly against the overwhelmingly masculinist bias of the Bible, and the way it had for so gigantic been used to constrain women. While the method they adopted is to reinterpretate the Bible from a feminist point of view, to interpret the Bible by means of neutral or gender-inclusive language and propose several amendments of the translation of the Bible, which resolves the concept of feminist translation. However, some tidy sum think that the rewriting of the Bible may lead a misapprehend of it, for the fact is that the social spot of female in that era is extremely low. We can judge from the by-lineThe Bible teaches th at woman brought sin and death into the world, that she precipitated the fall of the race, that she was arraigned before the judgment seat of Heaven, tried, condemned and sentenced. Marriage for her was to be a condition of bondage, maternity a period of suffering and anguish, and in silence and subjection she was to gambol the role of a dependent on mans bounty for all her material wants, and for all the information she might desire on the vital questions of the hour, she was commanded to ask her husband at home. Here is the Bible position of woman briefly summed up.(Stanton l9727)Different translation versions of the Bible are allowed nowadays, on condition that the phantasmal rules and the historical truth of the original text not be violated. Otherwise it wont last an authorized and popular one. With the rapid development of the feminist translation theory, there sprang up numerous recomments on the reinterpretation of feminist literature in China and abroad. Some main resear ch texts are Pride and preconception Zhang AIlings translations Jane Eyre Diary of a Mad Black Woman A Frolic in the Snow The Color Purpleand so on.Through the recomment on the feminist literature, and the comparison of different versions from gender point of view, more and more people were awakened by the feminist consciousness, it earned widespread attendance to some extent, it even changed the position of men and women in an unnoticed , fast way. For typeface, there are two different translated versions of Li Limei and Sun Zhili to Pride and prejudice. As far as Austens ideas on marriage are concerned. Li Limeis preface for her translation of Pride and injuryShe criticized most of the marriage at that time(she thought) the base of an ideal marriage should be mutual love and understandingbut she neer put money and love ai the opposite position instead, she showed that money played a rudimentary role in an ideal marriage. In Sun Zhilis preface for his translation of Pride a nd Prejudice she accepted Collins proposal just for the purpose to bemuse a good home, a secure box which ensured that she can be protected from cold and hunger. She didnt mind the fact that she couldnt make merry the happiness of love after she got marriage. And to some extent, it reflects the miserable fate of women.It shows us that how the subjectivity influences the translation, in the example above, the female translator, influenced by gender consciousness, can better grasp and reproduce the details related to maidenlike in the original text. However, the male translator, lacking the gender consciousness, often neglects these details, and even weaken or distorts the feminist purpose in the original text.2. Theory foundation and their strength and weakness2.1 Sherry Simon and her Gender in Translation Cultural Identity and the Politics of Transmission Sherry Simon and her Gender in Translation Cultural Identity and the Politics of Transmission, which is one of her most sign ificant monographs of translation studies and is overly the first comprehensive discussion of the western translation studies from feminist perspective. The book generally explored the influence on translation theory and practice on the take off of feminism based on political and literary movement. In Simons words, the book is the product of feminism and translation studies from the perspective of culture. It abandoned the traditional translation theory and held that translation was not a sincere mechanical language conversion ,but also the constant extension the renewal of an un confine number of text discourses.Therefore, translation, considered as an act of writing through highlighting the subjectivity of the translator, is also a rewriting conduct in specific social, historical and cultural context. Sherry Simon concentrated on the discussion of replacing those hackneyed language by means of the positive discourses that enable to convey the function of identity in translatio n practice. Sherry Simons feminist theory has broken the shackles of translational translation theory, promoting the play of individual initiative, advocating individual interest and involve and recognizing the individual world view.(Simon 1996105-108)Simon focus on underlining the importance of the cultural turn in translation.Cultural studies brings translation an understanding of the complexities of gender and culture. It allows us to situate linguistic transfer within the multiple post realities of now poststructuralism, post colonialism and postmodernism.(Simon 1996136)Thus Simon links gender and cultural studies to the development in the post colonialism. The exact background signal of post colonialism is open to some debate however, it is generally used to cover studies of the history of the former colonies, studies of brawny European empires , resistance to the colonialist powers and, more broadly, studies of the effect of the imbalance of power relations between coloniz ed and colonizer. The sequential crossover between different contemporary disciplines can be seen by the fact that essays by her and Lefevere bulge out in collections of postcolonial writings on translation, and Simon herself makes extensive reference to the postcolonialist Spivak.(Jeremy 2010133)2.2 Luise Von Flotow Translation and Gender Translating in the Era of FeminismFollowed by Sherry Simon, Luise Von Flotow wrote her Translation and Gender Translating in the Era of Feminism . After the publication of this book, there came into macrocosm a lot of thesis about the feminist translation theory almost at the corresponding time. The importance of it is quite evident. However, does it rightly or properly criticize and comment on the feminist translation perspective? We know that (a) the book systematically expounded the origin, development of the feminism, as well as its relationship with translation. (b) And it perfectly combined theory and example by citing abundant cases. The most heating topic was her three feminist translation strategies supplementing, prefacing and footnoting as well as hijacking.She explained to us those methods the translators use in their work elaborately. (c) more importantly, as a women, Luise did not hold a bigoted idea, but a justice one to feminism. All of those are strengths, but (a) the language she studied focused on Hebrew, French, and German which all of them have typical gender, number and case. It is not convincing for the Chinese, Japanese and Korean readers for their language can not be obviously distinguished. (b) her criticizes from Outside Feminism and Within Feminism leave us an impression that the feminism overemphasise their manipulative and political act by tampering and the authors writing style, without regard to the readers feeling. Presenting to us their colonialism in translation. (Flotow 2004)2.3 Barbara Godards Views on feminist translation studies. Barbara Godard was born in Toronto in 1941, she w as one of the most famous feminist translators who were the first to engage in feminist translation. She published six translation works including dozens of translations of poetries, proses and illustration excerpts. Godard emphasized on the profiling of women and the translator in the translation. She wrote prefaces all her translators, showing her rejection of invisible women, translators and translations.An important denudation she found was that the language differences between women and men, she found that women must put female language translated in to antiquated language when they got involved in to the public domain, so women were bilingual, with at least two sorting of visions of looking at reality. However, men has a single perspective because of their power positions of masters. When it came to the translation of womens work, this pin down perspective of men were fully exposed.What she sought was not the one to one correspondence between the translation work and the original texts, but the recreation of the translation to the feminism in the original text. Godard was absolutely a pioneer in western feminist translation and her feminist translation practice and theory were extremely important for us to study the western feminist translation. However,(a) her works were so radical that it was almost unworkable for the translators to find the so-called equivalence of the original work and the translation work. (b) Godards translation were indeed limited to the highly educated elite readers for she thought it was one of the strategies of feminism that required the text of elitism to make the text more readable.3. Conclusion It is regarded as a good way to improve the womens social status with language and translation, we are also delighted to see the improvement of the subjectivity and the translators, but it will vex debateable if the translators attempt to change the style of the original work, or rewrite it to serve their political act. If the translation is not fidelity ,we wont care whether it is beautiful or not. What we should do is not to rewrite all the works forcefully, but fully analyzing and translating the feminist works with female consciousness, so that our voice can be heard,and our female consciousness can be released from the male-centered one.( 2002)The translation theory and translation practice now mainly focus on some typical literary translation and texts, but not spread to the people at bottom. It is suggested that the mass reading and some other aspects should also be involved.As for China, we still did not have any formal feminist movement, plus we lack of the deep research about translation. then we havent achieved a remarkable achievement concerning the feminist translation. We should avail ourselves of this opportunity to call on Chinese translators apply this feminist consciousness into their translation. Because it benefits not only the development of feminism, the gender study, but also the t ranslation studies. The revolution of the translation may be a revolution of literature, and a revolution of homo culture.