All About Plagarism - 627 Words

A lot of students plagiarize without even realizing it. Throughout my paper I am going to tell you why students plagiarize, how plagiarism is detected, what the consequences are, why it’s important for students to understand, and what constitutes plagiarism. By the time I get done with my paper you will know all you need to know about plagiarism. Before we get started I am going to give you a definition of plagiarism. Plagiarism occurs when a writer deliberately uses someone else’s language, ideas or other original material without acknowledging (council of writing program administrators, 2003) There are many reasons why students plagiarize. Some students will intentionally plagiarize just to see if they can get it past there professor (why students plagiarize, 2011). In today’s world students learn quickly that finding data on the internet is a valuable skill. In a lot of situations they think it’s okay to copy and paste not realizing that is plagiarism (why students plagiarize, 2011). A lot of students will plagiarize because they are trying to make a good grade, they are under enormous pressure from family, peers, and instructors to compete for scholarship’s, admission, and of course places in the job market. Students tend to focus on the end result of their research paper, rather than the skills they learn in doing it (why students plagiarize, 2011). The main reason why students plagiarize is because of poor planning. New college students fresh out of high school are notShow MoreRelatedWhy I Thought Plagarism Was Wrong973 Words   |  4 Pagesessay on plagarism. On whether I thought plagarism was wrong. I had to use two sources that the insstructor had provided plus other ones I wanted regarding that topic and my perspective of why I thought it was wrong. The essay did not have to be extremely long. I started by looking on Google Advance Search for things that were related to plagarism and the different type they were. Looking at all the different types, I decided to simply write about academic plagarism and work related plagarism. NowRead MoreThe Aeneid and The Odyssey1324 Words   |  6 PagesAre there similarities between Homers The Odyssey and Virgils The Aeneid? There are many similarities that could be examined indepth. The lovers encountered in both plays can lead to the idea of ancient plagarism. The games held by the greeks and trojans are similar to the Olympic Games. The downfall of characters, cities or monsters can be seen often in many stories. Maybe rewriting history is the effort of a plagarist to cheat true historical events. The lovers Aeneas and Odysseus encounterRead MorePersonal Reflection1034 Words   |  5 Pageslife remains in balance, I will continue attending Church each Sunday to thank the Almighty and mingle with fellow-believers. As I strive to bring about change in my present and future professional life, my understanding of the interplay between the theory, research, and practice in education inspires me to be the best educator I can, by applying all the concepts and insights acquired during the learning process. I was drawn to teaching as a profession through the example of my father and motherRead MorePlagiarism Habits Of Politicians : Plagiarism876 Words   |  4 Pagesnegative impact. Mainly, our society also practiced this even they know it is not good and it will impact negatively. This article posted in The New Yorker, mainly illustrates about plagiarism and its results in politics. Politicians are mainly practiced of plagiarism. As they want to prove themselves, they are best among all of them and they copy other s work somehow. There is like a trend, Political leaders have practiced of plagiarism while they gave speech and also in writing. Osnos mentions someRead MorePlagiarism: a Social Problem1696 Words   |  7 Pagesgiving extensions. A few years ago, that would have been it: You would have passed in the paper late, if at all, and dealt with the consequences. But this is 2007, and so, in your most desperate hour, you try a desperate ploy. You log on to the internetÂ… enter t erm papers into the search engine, and find your way to www.al-termpaper.com. There, you scroll down past the big red disclaimer (All work offered is for research purposes only), find a paper that fits the assignment, enter your credit cardRead MoreImportance Of Integrity And Meaning Of Integrity1890 Words   |  8 PagesIMPORTANCE OF INTEGRITY AND PLAGARISM The definition of Integrity (noun) in the Merriam-Webster dictionary is: 1: firm adherence to a code of especially moral or artistic values: INCORRUPTIVILITY. 2 : an unimpaired condition. 3: the quality or state of being complete or undivided. Here is an example of the word being used on Merriam- Webster dictionary; the earthquake may have damaged the building’s structural integrity. All these are different definitions that explain what integrity is. My ownRead MoreA History Of The World s Six Glasses By Tom Standage2029 Words   |  9 PagesThese questions will be due by Monday, August 25th. These should be typed and submitted to Turnit.com as well as a hard copy to your instructor. You will be given 5 points for Turnitin.com on time and without plagarism. Section One: Beer in Mesopotamia and Egypt 1A. We can find out about prehistoric lives through non-written sources such as pictograms. There is many benefits to exploring history through non-written sources. Through these sources you are able to understand how the first civilizationsRead MoreTechnologys Impact On Learning Bibliography2071 Words   |  8 Pagesthe current paradigm of assessment within the distance learning environment, and find ways to alternatively assess progress that are not conducive to cheating. Essay exams that have unique or peer reviews, discussion groups, group projects, etc. are all examined as part of a new way to both summatively and formatively assess progress. Decoo, W. (2002). Crisis on Campus: Confronting Academic Misconduct Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Academic text showing plethora of cheating, especially in higher educationRead MoreWoolworths Introduction4438 Words   |  18 Pagesredesigning some of the learning materials and resources to make better use of the electronic platforms and relevant current issues and information - this will improve your learning and enhance the subject experience as you as a group have access to all available materials. Your subject coordinator Belinda Fridey Teaching staff Lecturer Name: Belinda Fridey Lecturer Email: BFridey@studygroup.com (mailto:BFridey@studygroup.com) Academic biography Charles Sturt University Subject Outline MBA503 201330

The Ultimate Entrepreneur Essay example - 975 Words

The Ultimate Entrepreneur In 2002 it was reported that George W. Bush told the then prime minister Tony Blair that The problem with the French is that they dont have a word for entrepreneur. Putting it kindly, this was a mistake. Translated from French, an entrepreneur is someone who undertakes something. Of course it carries a much wider meaning than that in the modern English definition. An entrepreneur is someone who takes an idea and builds it into something great and successful. Someone with vision, drive and creativity, and the will to make it happen, often against difficult odds. Or certainly thats the general perception. Does this person have to be a genius? Above average intelligence? What defines an entrepreneur really?†¦show more content†¦As an entrepreneur youre in the uncertainty business, so you need a high tolerance for risk. You need to be willing to fail several times if necessary in order to get it right in the end, and you need to be flexible in your thinking. Your idea may need t o change as your journey unfolds, and you need to be open enough to accept and work with that change. Uncertainty is a scary place, so you will need to deal with the fear associated with that. Fear of not knowing where next months pay cheque is coming from, fear of failure. You must become accustomed to insecurity as a life choice. And youll need the ability to think creatively so you can change perspective to solve all those inevitable problems that come up. So far then we have vision, passion, persistence, high risk tolerance, flexible and creative thinking. Throw in resilience for good measure. Not many people have these qualities up front, or maybe more importantly, are willing to adopt them. It is argued that our education system does nothing to promote entrepreneurship either. With its emphasis on conformity and thinking inside the box, it arguably stifles creativity. It is interesting to note that people like Richard Branson, Alan Sugar and Steve Jobs didnt finish higher education, and Bill Gates dropped out of Harvard. Im not sayingShow MoreRelatedBusiness Analysis : Philip Green Essay1608 Words   |  7 Pagesstart their business with a small amount of money and turning it in to million-pound. There are number of British entrepreneurs who have started their businesses with small amounts and conducted their business very well. Philip green is one of those entrepreneurs who started his business with 20,000 GBP and now his busines s worth is 3.88 billion GBP. Philip Green is an inborn entrepreneur who retains 12% of the UK’s clothing merchandizing sector. It’s been a captivating learning about his growth toRead MoreSavvy Entrepreneurial Firm991 Words   |  4 Pagessavvy and persistence. Failure should not be an option but a learning process that guides future decisions. We see in the case of the Savvy Entrepreneurial Firm the tenacity and persistence against all odds to survive and be successful because the entrepreneurs were passionate and believed their product would improve the everyday lives of individuals. The analysis of this case attempts to explore the character of individuals and their tenacity to remain firm in their business endeavors. Harmonix likeRead MoreCharacteristics of Successful Entrepreneurs1015 Words   |  5 PagesCharacteristics of successful entrepreneurs An entrepreneur is someone with the capacity to lead a business to success and is willing to take the risks in order to accomplish their goals. (Dollonger, 2002). Starting a new business is an example of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs are very important in order for any business to succeed, however, only some entrepreneurs will succeed in life. Here are some of the characteristics of successful entrepreneurs. Passion Most successful entrepreneurs are have a passionRead MoreRole of Entrepreneurship in Economic Development1047 Words   |  5 Pagesinevitable cause. The crucial and significant role played by the entrepreneurs in the economic development of advanced countries has made the people of developing and under developed countries conscious of the importance of entrepreneurship for economic development. It is now a widely accepted fact that active and enthusiastic entrepreneurs can only explore the potentials of the countries availability of resources. The role of entrepreneurs is not identical in the various economies. Especially dependingRead MoreEntrepreneurship1228 Words   |  5 PagesSimilarities and differences between a manager, a business owner and an entrepreneur Date: 12/8/2011 Version: 1.0 Student Number: 110369257 Module: BUS1004 Similarities and differences between a manager, a business owner and an entrepreneur By Henry Amm Introduction The public perception of entrepreneurs today is almost legendary. They seem to seamlessly start up small businesses and make them grow and develop themselves almost overnight to big successes. (Beaver, 2005) This essay willRead MoreThe Meaning of Technology Entrepreneurship1024 Words   |  4 Pagesideas and creative solutions.† Said by Donald F. Kuratko, in his article â€Å"The Emergence of Entrepreneurship Education: Development, Trends, and Challenges†. Technological Entrepreneurship in another term is the massive ability and willingness of an entrepreneur, within and outside the existing organizations to identify and create new economic opportunities and to introduce their innovative ideas into the market using new and improve technology. The key factor in increasing the chances of making a highlyRead MoreMark Cuban: How to Win at the Sport of Business1589 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness Mark Cuban is an American Entrepreneur, investor, and owner of the NBA’s Dallas Mavericks. Cuban is also an investor on the reality television show Shark Tank, in which potential investors consider offers from aspiring entrepreneurs. Cuban’s book How to Win at the Sport of Business† is a collection of his most popular blog posts on his blog â€Å"Blog Maverick†, in which he provides insight on his knowledge and secrets of becoming a successful entrepreneur. His book is based on his personal experiencesRead MoreEnterprise : An Entrepreneur Who Demonstrates Passion, Commitment, Technical Skills And Dedication Essay1436 Words   |  6 Pageswhereas innovation is the prerequisite of it. An entrepreneur discovers and exploits opportunities, takes risks beyond capabilities, uses intuition explores new businesses. Basically a creator who entities and pushes an idea through towards reality as well as initiates drives the company with decisive strategies for the new frontier. The main purpose of conducting this interview is to introduce Mr. Sai Kiran Gunda who is promising new entrepreneur who demonstrates passion, commitment, technicalRead MoreBusiness Entrepreneurship Is The Career1098 Words   |  5 Pagesthe career that I am researching about. Entrepreneurs are business owners or mangers of a corporation, enterprise or small companies. Studies show that the industry usually grows about two percent to three percent a year while the average length in business is only twelve years (5). However, I feel like the pay outweighs the negative. Standard pay for a starting businessman is $75,030 and it can reach as high as $171, 610 or more for experienced entrepreneurs (4). I chose this topic not only becauseRead MorePersonal Statement : Personal Business Plan1532 Words   |  7 PagesMission Statement: As a graduate student in Electrical Engineering and having a business background in my family, becoming an entrepreneur and starting a new venture has always been my ultimate dream. Becoming an entrepreneur requires resilience, self-reliance, focus and vision, ability to handle pressure during the lows, positive approach towards every idea. As an entrepreneur, I have the ability to withstand every stone thrown at me and I can convert them into milestones. I am planning a startup venture

Native American Mistreatment Free Essays

They  traveled  across  what  scientists  and  historians  call  the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"land  bridge†Ã‚  that  spanned  the  distance between  modern  day  Russia  and  Alaska. The  natives  separated  into  many  different  factions  and fanned  all  over  North  America;  some  tribes  became  nomadic  roaming  wherever  their  food  supply went  while  other  Ã‚  natives  learned  to  grow  and  sew  crops. The  Native  Americans  lived  in  mostly peaceful  societies  until  1492,  when  Columbus  landed  on  what  is  now  the  Bahamas2  The  natives greeted  Columbus  and  his  crew  with  open  arms  only  to  be  met  with  harsh  treatment,  slavery,  rape, and  death. We will write a custom essay sample on Native American Mistreatment or any similar topic only for you Order Now When  the  Europeans  arrived,  they  forever  changed  the  lives  of  Native  American’s  by trying  to  transform  religion  and  law  that  violated  Native  American  customs. When  Columbus,  a  Roman  Catholic,  landed  in  the  Bahamas  in  1492,  he  was  received amicably  by  the  friendly  Arawak  tribe. The  Arakwak  people  were  a  largely  peaceful  society;  they had  settled  in  the  Caribbean  hundreds  of  years  before  European  explorers  found  them. In Columbus’  private  journal  he  wrote  of  the  Arawak  Ã¢â‚¬Å"  they  willingly  traded  everything  they owned†¦ they  do  not  bear  arms,  and  do  not  know  them,  for  I  showed  them  a  sword,  they  took How to cite Native American Mistreatment, Papers

White Night Event for Public Engagement- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theWhite Night Event for Public Engagement. Answer: Description of the event The White Night event of Melbourne is not an ordinary urban event; instead it is a mega event that allows several kinds of movement and energy to flow through the capillaries of the city Melbourne. It acts as a platform where numerous art and culture related events take place. Re-ignited in February 2018, the event under the direction of David Atkins OAM has welcomed the audiences from across the globe in order to see the art taking over the Melbournes building, parks, laneways and street, everyone a stage, everyone a canvas, everyone alive, alight and shining brightly under the cover of complete darkness. It is now into its 6th year. The event ran from 7p.m of Saturday 17 to 7a.m of Sunday 18. The event has re-imagined the entire city through lighting, installations, exhibitions, music, film, performance and many more. However, the lighting and the projection works were best viewed after the darkness. The major cultural institutions such as ACMI (Australian Centre for the Moving Image), Arts Centre Melbourne, NGV (National Gallery of Victoria), State Library Victoria and Melbourne Museum have offered programming for the entire twelve hours. There were also seating arrangements available in the indoor venues, restaurants and cafes. Public seating arrangeme nts were available on the streets, key food stops and the rest areas. With the same, one of the most significant things about the White Night event was that all the public areas of the event were alcohol free. The program covered up more than hundred free cultural activities and events in just twelve hours. Positive benefits of the event White Night turns the entire city into a cultural playground. The interactions of the audiences and their participation are the most important components of the event and it brings the art projects of the digital media directly into the view of the common publics (McCormick et al. 2015). The event represents an arising international development which has brought up the public arts in front of the large audiences. The event brings a concentrated array of artworks as well as a unique scale of public engagement, which makes it one of the most valuable events to analyze because of its approach to the public art. Art practices in public spaces like White Night is considered to be very valuable events in order to get to know about the way public perceive the public art and culture. People frequently follow social conventions in order to guide their use of the public spaces. These type of interactive digital technologies lets them make non-destructive yet stimulating audio, tactile and visu al experiences of their very own design. Such a new and conceptual image of these public spaces changes their social as well as personal experience. Using such conceptual frameworks that makes use of both participants and artist led artwork, which welcomes co-creativity, a socially engaging and unique experience is created that has an ongoing social impacts and affects. Negative benefits of the event During the event, the flows are disordered and warped because of physical reorganization of the streets and of the sharing public spaces (Diggle 2014). The streets were limited to only foot traffics. The commuters became pedestrians as the motorists and trams were very limited to the fringes of the city, along with cyclists unable to pass and navigate the crowd because of the messy and congested foot traffic. Such disruptiveness is a threat to safety. Is it a success or failure? The event has impressed a lot of people this time as well. The limelight projections, the liquid sky of federation square, the phantasmagoria- Carlton Gardens, the State library, the alter of the future created by the Victoria University, the spectacular Plus minus zero- Lonsdale street, the bells at the Federation Square, the silent disco inside one of the new trains of Melbourne were the biggest hits of the recent White Night event of February 2018. Though the event is considered to be one of the most famous and most liked events in the world, still the White Night event of 2018 is comparatively disappointing to the last five years. In fact, as compared to the last year, there was not much crowd gathered this time. People were disappointed with some of the things this time and they include the most disappointing snow lane, which had no sound effect, no snow on the ground along with very ordinary lighting; the underwhelming Alexandra and Queen Victoria gardens and Wish tree, which w as very poorly executed. As compared to the previous years, there were lot of street performances but the buildings were not much colorful with projectors (Nam 2015). Overall, the event was a successful one. It had more hits than misses and it has succeeded in grabbing the attention of the entire world. What makes it different from the other events? The main reason behind the visiting of millions of people around the globe to this White Night event is to experience the unique art works and to explore the beautiful laneways of Melbourne that is completely transformed by this very event. The event is as much as a traversing of creativity as the same is of the city and the people it consists. People all round the globe visits this festival especially to witness its artistic expressions and the creativity. Furthermore, the event is a true example of playful participation of the audience, their engagement and embrace of art and culture as experience (Solter 2015). The various types of installations provide the audience with unique sensory experiences that none of the other events could provide. This is done not only by means of effective use of sounds and visual content but also through the engagements of the audiences, which successfully creates a starting point for fascinating social interactions in between the audience and the mem bers in installation environment. The event is all about diverse artistic expressions with the use of both old and new media artworks. Every artwork is unique in its own way. Each of the artwork has its own special forms of interactions and meanings for social involvement and engagement. They empower social participations by means of multimedia installations, which shows the potential of social engagement as most of the presented works are been focused on the participants-led. Origin The event was inspired by one of the most famous event Nuit Blance, which was first originated in Paris in the year 2002 (Mercer and Mayfield 2015). In the year 2013, Melbourne became the city in Australia that holds the White Night festival. It was created by the State Government of Victoria (managed and owned by Visit Victoria) in order to showcase the local, international and national artistic innovation. The event was an instant success along with more than 3, 00,000 people enjoying the event all night. Since then, every year, an average number of 50lakh people have moved into the Central Business District for one night every February in order to witness this great cultural event of the Australian calendar. The event is produced by the famous David Atkins Enterprises, along with David Atkins OAM (the well known Artistic Director and CEO) at helm. The curating works are created by the local and global artists. There is no doubt about it that White Night is one of the major public vents in the city of Melbourne and it is one of the widely loved one as well. It is one of the great events that presents exciting new questions related to how public culture can manifest and transform in the contemporary cities (Richards 2016). It provides the city planners and the artists with new challenges. Hence, it has the true potential to last for the coming years as well. References: McCormick, J., Divers, P., Hutchison, S., Vincs, R., Hossny, M., Nahavandi, D., Vincent, J.B. and Vincs, K., 2015. Vox lumen: People into Light. Mercer, D. and Mayfield, P., 2015. City of the Spectacle: White Night Melbourne and the politics of public space.Australian Geographer,46(4), pp.507-534. Nam, Y.T., 2015. Case Study: White Night Melbourne in 2013 and 2014 Disruption or Contribution Toward the Socially Engaged Public (Art)?. InProceedings of the ISEA 2015 Conference: The 21st International Symposium on Electronic Art. Richards, S., 2016. Proud in the middleground: how the creative industries allow the Melbourne queer film festival to bring queer content to audiences.Studies in Australasian Cinema,10(1), pp.129-142. Slter, A.A., 2015. Festival circus, golden gnomes and cultural diplomacy. The Audi Festival of German films in the context of multicultural festivals in Australia.Studies in Australasian Cinema,9(2), pp.190-204.

Porsche Case Analysis

Problems Currently, Porsche faces several types of problems. In particular, many customers of this company have become much more price-sensitive since they were affected by the global economic recession that began in 2008. Additionally, it should be kept in mind that the maintenance of sports cars is very expensive. Therefore, even many well-to-do clients may be reluctant to use the car models developed by Porsche.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Porsche Case Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is one of the challenges that should not be disregarded. Secondly, the buyers are more willing to purchase fuel-efficient cars while the vehicles manufactured by Porsche consume higher amounts of gasoline. This issue is important because the governments of different states raise environmental performance standards that should be reached by automobile companies. These are the main issues that should be taken into account. Identification of alternatives and their evaluation The management of this company can take several steps. First of all, they can continue to position themselves as a manufacturer of luxury or prestige sports cars. This approach has been adopted by Porsche for a long time. In this way, they can retain the loyalty of clients who are committed to their products. Nevertheless, this strategy has limitations because the revenue of this organization can eventually diminish because it is not clear when the effects of global recession can be fully overcome. This is the main drawback that should not be disregarded. The second alternative is to develop a set of vehicles that may be purchased by people who represent various income levels. The main advantage of this strategy is that a company can attract a great number of potential clients. Furthermore, the profitability of this organization can increase. However, there are some weaknesses of this strategy. In particular, Porsche can lose its reputation of a produce that offers only high-quality vehicles. This is one of the pitfalls that should be avoided because it can endanger the long-term sustainability of the company. Proposed actions Under these circumstances, Porsche can take several steps. First of all, they need to increase the production of cross-over cars such as Cayenne since these models enjoy significant demand among prosperous clients. Secondly, they should launch the manufacturing of business class vehicles. Such an offering can appeal to various prosperous clients.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finally, they should increase the fuel-efficiency of their models since it is critical for the competiveness of the organization. These are the main steps that should be taken. In this way, the company can better respond to current challenges which can be attributed to economic or poli tical environment as well as increased within the industry. The consequences of the propose actions The main advantage of the recommended strategy is that Porsche will be able to attract well-to-do clients who are not willing to purchase sports cars. In this way, a company can retain the reputation of a luxury brand and increase their customer base. This is one of the main issues that can be made. Moreover, the management of Porsche should remember that clients usually pay more attention to the environmental performance of vehicles. This is why they need to focus more on the fuel efficiency of their cars. Moreover, this strategy is critical for meeting the requirements set by the governments of various countries. These are the main aspects that should be taken into account. This case study on Porsche Case Analysis was written and submitted by user Felipe Nash to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A dream that was never fulfilled Essays - Allegory, Animal Farm

A dream that was never fulfilled Essays - Allegory, Animal Farm A dream that was never fulfilled By Benjamin the donkey Date: 12/4/2015 I used to live my life in the shadow of the Farm walls; I lived half of my life alone in that solitary, as I see things like a camera from all points of view but I never interfere up until the moment my best friend who worked so hard to build this farm was injured badly and he almost died and in that moment I opened my eyes and started to document what was happening in the Farm in the last couple of Years. I was a normal Animal who worked my hours in the farm during the day but in the night I interviewed Animals to see their points of view about their life under Napoleon leadership. My first interview was with boxer and it went as the following: Boxer what do you think about Napoleon? Hmmm Napoleon is a good leader but he always wastes our time in searching for Snowball, and his last act with the four Pigs was inappropriate and the Dogs are going brutal as it was the first time in my whole life seen an Animal kill an Animal! But I know one thing for sure which is too work harder than ever to finish building the windmill and retire. After the battle with Mr. Fredrick I went to Squealer and asked him few questions. Squealer may I speak with you? yes comrade. I would like to ask you few questions? Yes no problem. Who do you think should earn an medal for being the War hero? Of course our leader Napoleon as without his instructions and faith in us we will be dead by now and that being said I would like to leave as I have a very confidential meeting with the pigs. A few days passed until the pigeons came running with the news that Boxer has fallen as most of the animals rushed there and saw what happened after a few days I interviewed Boxer again and asked him what happened. - I thought that we need to finish the windmill as soon as possible and I worked so hard before retiring as my muscles have failed me but this time when I get better I am not going back to work for good. After this conversation between us the carriage came and it was written in the back horse slaughter and by the time I finished reading the carriage was long gone was Boxer trapped in it. Years and years have passed and the next thing we saw in the farm was astonishingly unexpected when the pigs came back from their secret training they were no ordinary pigs they were semi humans as they were standing on two legs and wearing coats. So I rushed over to Clover and had a little conversation with her s ince shes one of the animals who lived and survived after the rebellion. Clover lets go and check the commandments and what we found out left us in a shock for a while and the commandment was like ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL BUT SOME ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS. After we saw that commandment and that Boxer hard work was all in vein and his goal to build a better place for animals was torn all apart I might not be as smart as the pigs but I know for sure that old major dream and vision was all in vein and his dream to create an equal place for all the animals was forgotten as I decided to forget too and get back to living in the shadows.

Family Cultural Values Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Family Cultural Values - Essay Example Filipino Americans have created a language that includes elements of English as well as Tagalog known as ‘Tag-lish’- and this is commonly used, particularly in the younger generation of Filipino-Americans. Filipino society places great emphasis on the practice of ‘kapwa’ or shared identity. This society emphasizes on the importance of developing strong relationships between all members of society. In traditional Filipino society, there were domains of interactions that marked all social as well as communal activities (Espiritu, 2007). The external domain was marked by civility, known as pakikitungo, pakikilahok- or participation in societal activities, pakikitungo – or mixing with others, and pakikisama, which literarily meant adjusting one’s perceptions in order to fit better in one’s society. All these stages were essential before one could be held in full trust- or pakiisa- by the society (Espiritu, 2007). The enduring values extolled by Filipino society could be said to be the result of years of having to share more than 7000 islands even though just 1000 are inhabitable. Religion also plays a central role in Filipino society. There are traditional animistic religions that are still practiced in some sections of the Philippines. Moreover, most Filipinos are Catholics. There are small minorities in Mindanao and Sulu that are Muslims, though (Espiritu, 2007). The central place of faith even among Filipino Americans is such that even matters of health are given interpretations based on issues of faith. The importance of prayer and faith as important aspects in securing healing from disease is a reality in Filipino-American society.... This essay stresses that In America, most Filipino Americans tend to combine aspects such as maintaining balance, exercising the body, and sustaining harmony to ensure that they remain disease free or fight off opportunistic infections. There is also an emphasis on maintaining social relationships with various important people in one’s life in order to keep the psychological man happy as well. The stress on the significance of maintaining balance within the body’s humors can be utilized as a cultural strength to improve the management of chronic illness as the patient can be educated on other aspects, discovered by modern medicine that could result in the body being unable to heal itself. This paper makes a conclusion that Filipino Americans also still observe traditional rules about the consumption of certain foods. Medical practitioners can use cultural norms on the best foods to consume when ill to stimulate their patients to play an active role in the process of their own treatment. In the case of terminally ill patients, it would be necessary to make use of the family members as nurses for the ill person. In most Asian American cultures, including the Filipino-American culture, decisions on how a sick member of the family is treated are made by the heads of families after a moment of consultation. Most families are more likely to feel comfortable with their terminally ill patient being looked after in their own homes.

Hum M3 man Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hum M3 man - Essay Example A close analysis of Burn’s arguments on human emotions reveals that humans are in full control of their emotions. Values are the judgment of a person on what is important and what is not important in life. They are simply the standards of someone’s behavior. Unlike humans whose values are acquired from world experiences, animal values are passed from parent to offspring as animals tend to emulate what their parents do. Meanings of values are carried in most streams of emotions. Further, comparison between emotions and values reveal that emotions of different types are apprehension of values with distinctness. From self-assessment 3.4 I have a moderate cognitive empathy. This is an implication of moderate perspective taking. From self-assessment 3.5 I recorded a high emotional empathy. This is to mean that I am emotionally touched by what happens to other people. Self-assessment 2.2 portrays me as someone of high medium importance based on my values. My mood scale on self-assessment 4.4 reveals high positive energy. Generally the self-assessments portray me as someone energetic and believing so much in myself. However, I also get moved by the experiences of

The Evolution of Industrialization, from the Putting Out System to the Essay

The Evolution of Industrialization, from the Putting Out System to the Factory System - Essay Example Through this method of working, the owner of the industry would assign a particular contractor and make him chief. After hiring the chief contractor, the new contractor would in turn focus on the group and pick out several other junior contractors each with a particular task that they would later on combine to see to the completion of the project (Meyer, 2012). Through this method, the junior contractors and their team members were free to hold their meetings anywhere even if it meant leaving the site. This is why this system was referred to as â€Å"putting out† because the rich employers would just putting out commodities to the workers who worked in their homes and these would putting out to other junior workers. Through this system, the customer had a very large role to play as the chief contractor would not commence work without ensuring that he had everything he needed from the customer. It was the customer’s duty to purchase some of the important stuff for the contractor to engage his men and come up with a desirable product. The putting out system was very effective during the beginning of the industrial revolution. Through this putting out system, British soldiers got their firearms by contacting various contractors in the London area. These contractors would consequently seek people that new internal areas in the city where they would get firearms. Through this, every person in the chain got some commission. However, there are cases that the contractors sent showed greed and could even attempt escaping with the money. The soldiers were bright and they would eventually catch up to them. The cottage industry is another one that prevailed effectively during this period. This was a less complicated section of the industry in that the customers knew the exact residence of the spinners. With this information, they would go, leave details and then visit after several weeks or days depending on the

Impact of the National Health Services Direc

Impact of the National Health Services Direc Evaluate the Impact of the National Health Services Direct,  It’s Success Rate and the Changes it has  Made in UK Health Care Practices and Procedures Anne Cook Abstract NHS Direct was set up to as part of the NHS Modernization Plan launched in 1998; the objective of NHS Direct was to offer 24-hour medical information to the general public. This was done through the use of a telephone in service, a website on the Internet, interactive touch screen kiosks and interactive digital television. NHS Direct operates across the whole of England and its digital television and website are available across a wider area. Growth and change have been ongoing, with the introduction of providing services to other departments within the NHS framework and ongoing expansion. In the main, the general public is satisfied with NHS Direct services. They have formed partnerships with other NHS departments to reduce the workload in areas such as Accident and Emergency these initiatives have had a mixed success ratio. The Business Plan for 2006 onwards was focused on further expansion and growth of NHS Direct. However, on April 3rd, 2006, the Ministry of Health announced that the NHS overall had a budget deficit of 50 million pounds and made public that NHS Direct would be forced to reduce their workforce by one third. Overall NHS Direct had met their targets, all be it at a high cost due to the requirement for advanced technology to support and run the systems needed. The focus of NHS Direct Management will now be on restructuring and downsizing with a reduced workforce. The staff turnover has always been high at 30% and the staff morale in difficult times will be a problem that needs addressing in order to retain experienced staff. The overall conclusion is that the NHS as a whole will have to reconsider its ability to provide free medical to all based on current funding. The funding to NHS has increased over the last decade. Regardless of the increase in funding, the system was not monitored in a way that identified an growing deficit, now resulting in NHS Direct and other departments having to downsize, in this case not due to their own inefficiency but the overall financial crisis in the whole NHS system. By using change agents the process of going from being a growth division to one that is reducing needs to be well managed to focus on the positive contributions they can make to the health of the general public and by closing or redirecting the services that they are not handling competently and/or cost efficiently. 1. Table of Content Abstract 1. Table of Content 2. Introduction 3. Literature Review Brief Introduction to Change Management NHS DIRECT 4. Research Objectives 5. Research Methodology 6. Research Findings SWOT Analysis Table 1 – SWOT Analysis Force Field Analysis – NHS, Direct, April 2006 Table 2 – Force Field Analysis 2. Introduction The National Health Service (NHS) is the largest employer in the UK and has a diverse workforce with many different professional groups (Smith, 2000). The researcher believes that there is accelerating pace of change within the NHS, as they need to keep a step up and embrace further growth in the public sector. In recent journals there are many problems related to the NHS Direct, which the researcher feels an investigation should be undertaken to identify the problems. A political editor said; â€Å"The report doubted whether the target of 90 per cent of callers speaking to a nurse within five minutes would be met. It said NHS Direct was changing the target waiting time to 20 minutes† (Waugh, 2002). NHS Direct is the National Health Service’s 24-hour information, advice and guidance service available by telephone, the Internet, interactive touch screen kiosks and interactive digital television. NHS Direct operates across the whole of England and its digital television and website are available across a wider area. NHS Direct is a Special Health Authority and employs approximately 4000 staff and handles around 600,000 telephone calls and one million visits to the website each month. The NHS Direct website gives patients the same information as their doctors, in clear and jargon-free language, which helps them to make informed choices about their healthcare. At the time the HNS Direct website was set up the then Health Minister, Rose Winterton, stated ‘We are working to provide a modern, flexible NHS that fits around patients needs and meets their expectations. We know that patients would like more information to support them in making decisions about their healthcare. This is an important step in providing patients with the resources they need to make informed choices’ The NHS is implementing a 10 year modernization program – the NHS Modernization Board is advising the Secretary of State on implementing the plan. Due to the vast nature of the NHS, this study will specifically look at NHS Direct and analyze the changes that have occurred, and the affect on stakeholders, both within the NHS and their external customers. 3. Literature Review Brief Introduction to Change Management Over the last 20 years the impact of change has been greater than ever before, as the pace of change is now so fast that, for organizations to sustain business growth and operate successfully they must be able to adapt with the frequent changes in markets and competition. Therefore businesses must respond very quickly if they are to survive. Clarke, (1994) Today, change is not the exception but a steady ongoing process that organisation strive on to keep a crucial part of competitive edge. [1]Burns (2000, p148) states: â€Å"What worked in the past will not work in the future, and organizations, like society at large, will have to change in unprecedented ways if they are to survive.† Managing change is a broad area to concentrate on, as change affects organizations in general and people in many different ways. The NHS has made changes to their provision of health care, which gave rise to the NHS Direct in the first place; however, the current financial crisis shows that initiatives in health care to date have not been adequate or appropriate. The one area that has not changed is the demand and scope of the services to be provided – they are providing medical for all, regardless of the persons ability to pay. Certain members of the public have opted for private health care insurance but this is not the norm. In addition, the population is aging and increasingly more seniors need long tern, high care that puts pressure on available resources. â€Å"It is easy to change the things that nobody cares about. It becomes difficult when you start to change the things that people do care about—or when they start to care about the things that you are changing.† [2](Lorenzi and Riley 1994) The NHS is important to the vast majority of the population; it is considered a right to have medical care available to all, regardless of their financial contributions. Most people do not carry private health care insurance. The Ministry of Health has repeatedly changed the NHS to maintain this service, with differing levels of success in recent years. The current situation shows serious financial deficits, a shortage of qualified staff and dissatisfaction with the service. We live at a time when organizations are continually changing and success is now determined by how well the changes are implemented and whether the desired gains can be achieved. (Collins, 1998) The rate of change is increasing in almost all organizations. The pressure is intense as the world focuses the time and attention on understanding the forces driving the changing environment and expands or applies the information systems needed to support the changed environment. The phrase change management in reference to the comments of [3]Peter Drucker is as to ‘whether one can manage change at all or merely lead or facilitate its occurrence within an organisation’. Change management is the process by which an organisation gets to its future state, however creating change starts with creating a vision and then empowering individuals to act as change agents to attain that vision. In todays rapidly changing, competitive environment, the ability to change efficiently, can distinguish the winners from the losers. Many health-related organizations find themselves unable to adapt due to the independence of technologic change. NHS Direct has been in a period of change due to their growth since inception. In 1998, the change was positive, bringing on and implementing new technology, growing call centres and providing an expanding service to the general public as well as reducing the workload in some other sectors within the NHS. However, this additional service within the NHS has involved high costs for technological infrastructure, software and implementation, as well as on going maintenance and extended the service without huge reductions to the demands on other sectors of health care. NHS DIRECT Purpose of the NHS Direct The NHS is a 24-hour health help line that handles around 100,000 calls every week across its 22 sites. Since the launch of the first wave of NHS Direct sites in March 1998, the service has expanded to cover the whole of England. In addition, it has developed a range of multi-channel services, including NHS Direct Online, Information Points using touch screen kiosks, NHS Direct in Vision (new digital TV pilot projects) and the Self-Help Guide (formerly the NHS Direct Healthcare Guide). NHS Direct has also expanded, working with frontline staff and managers to devise new with out-of-hours services to succeed in their aims and objectives providing consistent access to high quality, integrated care. Ref [4]http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/ – a new gateway to healthcare The NHS Plan – A Plan for Investment, a Plan for Reform, July 2000 4. Research Objectives Introduction of the NHS direct has made a big departure to the existing practice and presents a major challenge in the management of change in the public sector. The aim of this report is to analyze the role of the NHS Direct through the use of the Internet and the impact on the Medical services. The following areas will be evaluated: Investigate the purpose of NHS Direct. Research the NHS Direct history and its operations. Identify the NHS Direct objectives and the success to date Investigate the Impact on all stakeholders, including Medical Services and the general public Evaluate the role of NHS Direct Website in helping NHS Direct meet its objectives. The challenges the change has imposed on NHS Managers and the affect on their change management approach 5. Research Methodology A literary review will be undertaken to study the NHS Direct and the elements listed in the research objectives. A range of sources will be utilised including e-journals and journals, newspapers, books and the Internet. The success of the change management will be measured by the success of NHS Direct and its ability to meet predefined goals and objectives, referred to as Key Performance Indicators. The KPIs include the changes being introduced and new services that have grown since inception of the service. The NHS Direct website will be evaluated as to how user friendly it is, what content it provides, and its acceptability from the user community. 6. Research Findings Investigate the purpose of NHS Direct. NHS Direct is a response to the desire for increased patient empowerment. It is also recognition that the NHS is a complex, multi-layered system that can be confusing for the non-health professional. NHS Direct enables people to make decisions about their own or their family’s health by providing expert advice and up to the minute information. The service can also act as a 24-hour signpost, directing people to the most appropriate level of care. NHS Direct was launched in 1998, initially at three pilot sites, to provide â€Å"easier and faster advice and information for people about health, illness and the NHS so they are better able to care for themselves and their families†. The success of NHS Direct in achieving this aim rests largely on the premise that it should be accessible to all sectors of the population regardless of race, age, gender, preferred language choice, income, sensory impairment, disability, social positioning or cultural background/preference. Ref NHS Direct website, a new gateway to healthcare http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/ Objectives of NHS Direct Specific objectives set for the service included: To provide for the public a confidential, reliable and consistent source of professional advice on healthcare 24 hours a day so that they can manage many of their problems at home or know where to turn to for appropriate care. To provide simple and speedy access to a comprehensive and up to date range of health and health related information. To improve quality, increase cost-effectiveness and reduce unnecessary demand on other NHS services by providing more appropriate response to the needs of the public. To allow professionals to develop their role in enabling patients to be partners in self-care, and help them focus on those patients for whom their skills are most needed. The Ministry of Health’s mission to modernize the NHS is not confined to hospitals. The roll-out of NHS Direct, a nurse-led telephone help line, and the introduction of walk-in primary care centres indicate that the same philosophy is being applied to GP services. The common theme in these initiatives is the desire to improve access and convenience within the NHS, a theme that is emerging as the defining element of New Labours approach to health policy. The modernization of the NHS, which included the introduction of NHS Direct was a major change designed to streamline the interface between the general public and the NHS. As the NHS Direct service grew, it came under criticized for severing the personal link between patients and their GP. Some patients preferred the face-to-face interaction with their doctor when a health problem arose, even though the situation did not require medical procedure or physical intervention and was competently handled by a call to NHS Direct. Ref Coulson –Thomas, C and Coe, T (1991), The Flat organisation. British Institute of Management: London. They stated that Change is an ever-present feature of organizational life, though many would argue that the pace and magnitude of change have increased significantly in recent years. The Institute of Management, formerly the British Institute of Management, which regularly carries out surveys of its members, has certainly found this to be true. In 1991, the institute reported that 90 per cent of organizations in its survey were becoming ‘slimmer and flatter’. Such change will bring resistance – there are 4 bases for resistance to change, identified as follows by Leigh, A (1988) Effective Change. IPM Cultural – When change seems at odds with accepted values and norms: â€Å"the way we do things around here†. Social – When change threatens to disrupt relationships or break up valued groups. Organizational – When change affects formal, hierarchical status and threatens the individual’s power and influence. Psychological – When change is seen to be counter to the individual’s vested interest, when loss outweighs gain. NHS Direct could have created resistance in all the above areas. Cultural – for many senior citizens, for example, prefer to talk face to face with their medical personnel and those less computer literate people would not be inclined to use the web site as a source of information. There is a trust relationship between many doctors and patients who have worked together on the individual’s health needs for many years. Social – NHS Direct has been criticized for severing the ties between doctor and patient and recommending patient care options that differ to those ‘normally’ followed by the patient under his/her GP. Organizational – an article on the BBC, 30 August 2001 ref http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/1516701.stm shows a concern regarding the changes to the organizational structure. ‘NHS Direct blamed for rise in 999 calls’ ‘There has been a 30% rise in 999 calls since last year. The introduction of the NHS Direct help line has been blamed for a leap in the number of 999 calls made to an ambulance service. The Isle of Wight Healthcare NHS Trust is failing to meet government-set response targets of answering 75% of life-threatening calls within eight minutes. The trust says its efforts are being hampered by a 30% rise in call-outs since NHS Direct was made available to islanders. NHS Direct denies it is advising people to call out ambulances without good reason. ‘ The facts are denied by the manager of NHS Direct, he believes the increase in calls were correctly recommended by NHS Direct and that hey are being used as a scapegoat for the inability of the ambulance services to meet their target for responding to calls. The Times on line, quotes the NHS chief, Dec 08, 2005, in the article titled, ‘Turbulence is the Price of a Better Service’ â€Å"When you are introducing change you will inevitably have some degree of turbulence,† Psychological – The Emergency Medical Journal, C J Morrell, et al wrote a report entitled ‘The Impact of NHS Direct on Other Services; The Characteristics and Origins of Its Nurses. It states ‘the introduction of any new health service can clearly have an impact on other services in two distinct ways: firstly, by altering the pattern of patient demand for existing services; and secondly, if it competes for the same resources, by affecting the ability of existing services to supply care.’ This was commissioned in response to increasing criticism that the service was taking qualified nurses away from the profession. The article went on to point out that a number of the nursing staff working for NHS Direct actually have disabilities or personal reasons for not being able or willing to do active nursing duties and have been encouraged back into the work force by NHS Direct – they would otherwise have remained outside of their profession al together. Research the NHS Direct history and its operations. NHS Direct was one of the new services that were introduced in 1999/2000 to improve and reform the NHS healthcare making it a modern, efficient and patient led health service giving patients more choice and better access to their own healthcare. The service provides access to confidential health advice and information, 24 hours a day, in a range of easy and convenient ways – the NHS Direct telephone service, NHS Direct Online website and the NHS Direct Interactive service on digital satellite TV service. As well as helping patients improve their health and looking after themselves, NHS Direct helps patients access the right health care service for their needs. The value of the use of technology was reported by [5]Carr (1996) who agrees that, when properly used, information technology is a powerful tool for increasing speed, quality, and flexibility, and for creating new, different, and effective process operations. â€Å"It enables businesses to maximize their return on investment and deliver breakthroughs in competitive advantage.† But in practice, â€Å"many organizations have been sending millions of dollars down the drain by applying sophisticated information technology to automatic existing processes. The consequences? Making the same mistakes faster.† The costs and changing structure of the NHS Direct in the past and concerns regarding the accounting were tabled by the National Audit Office in Feb 2006 ref http://www.nao.org.uk/pn/05-06/0506484.htm ‘Established in 1999, until April 2004 NHS Direct was centrally managed by the Department of Health but the service was delivered at a local level by 22 NHS Trusts. When NHS Direct became a Special Health Authority in April 2004, it had to put in place new accounting systems and procedures. While these systems were being established the host Trusts which had previously funded and managed the service continued to be responsible for providing accounting and payroll services under service level agreements. Since NHS Direct had not implemented a centralized ledger or payroll system and the payroll providers and records were dispersed across the country, there was an absence of central management control over the processing of payroll. Work by NHS Direct and the NAO has indicated that in the region of  £1.6m of payroll expenditure in 2004-05 may be inaccurate. According to today’s report, NHS Direct has also been unable to provide evidenced comparative income and expenditure figures for previous years. NHS Direct has estimated total income and expenditure of  £121 million for the previous year based on returns provided by the host Trusts to the Department of Health together with an estimate of central departmental costs, but has been unable to provide sufficient evidence to support these figures.’ Identify the NHS Direct objectives and the success to date Objectives are stated as Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and divided into sections – Patient, Staff and Organisation, Stakeholders Financial. The table below summarizes the KPIs for the sections, as stated in the Executive Report for July 2005, tabled in Sept 2005. This provides a recent snapshot of NHS Directs adherence to KPIs and provides actuals for previous month and year allowing comparisons for improvement over the period. As the department is in a growth phase, these KPIs include measurements of change management as well as maintenance and adherence to standards and processes and procedures. The section for Financial KPIs does not include any metrics, therefore it is assumed they were not discussed or agreed prior to the tabling of the report. The following table has been extracted from the Executive Scorecard, a method used to measure adherence to targets. Patients KPIs Overall, patients reported being satisfied with the service received, however, the department did not achieve its objectives against the majority of KPIs The number of complaints were up from 2004, although lower than reported in June Number of complaints responded to within 20 days was 39% below target and 37% worse than in June Serious adverse incidents exceeded the target and has shown an improvement over prior year and month figures The number of web visits and calls answered were lower. This is likely to be due to the fact that this was summer and not due to any shortcoming on the service. The number of abandoned calls is above target, although improved over the period The assessment of calls, all types, have met target and are significantly improved over the period. The National Audit Office paper ‘NHS Direct in England, published in 2002 stated ‘NHS Direct’s project team has balanced the need to publicize the service and its capacity to meet demand. It has already met its target for 60% of the population to be aware of NHS Direct by March 2002. Public satisfaction with NHS Direct is consistently very high at over 90%. Very few callers received the engaged signal when telephoning, but in Sept 2001 only 64% of callers were able to speak to a nurse adviser within 5 minutes compared with the current target of 90%. ’ Staff Organisation KPIs Schedule adherence appears to be a problem, with the target not being met by 2 key staff members by 9 18%. The cause for concern is within the rolling year turnover rate for staff. This is exceptionally high at 39% and this should be further investigated to find out the root cause. The BBC article ‘Call Centres: An Ideal Calling’ an NHS Direct employee commented ‘However, with a staff turnover of some 30%, it looks as though the call handlers are not enjoying the fruits of this telecommunications boom. ‘Jonathan, who works at a major call centre in northern England, has seen this staggering turnover at first hand. Two-thirds of the people who join us dont make it past their second month. Most [of the others] leave within a year, he says. Companies have been accused of taking a cavalier attitude to happiness of their staff, preferring to hire agency workers rather than investing time and money in a full-time workforce.’ Stakeholder KPIs The departments reached the majority of stakeholder KPIs – stakeholders are other departments within the NHS and therefore this indicates that the NHS Direct should have a successful relationship within the NHS as a whole. July 2005 Executive Scorecard Patient KPIs (Key Performance Indicators) Actual Actual Actual Rating Jun-05 Target Prev mth Last Year G % Patients satisfied with service 99% 95% 98% 99% R Number of complaints (per 10,000 calls) 0.84 0.5 1.01 0.49 R Number of complaints responded to within 20 days 56% 95% 93% G Serious adverse incidents (per 10,000 calls) 0.16 0.24 0.34 0.25 A Number of web visits 963.3k 1040.9k 1013.0k 662.6k A Number of calls answered 570.01k 591.3k 553.5k 526.3k A Abandonment rate 7% 5% 10% 13% A % calls answered within 60 seconds 76% 95% 71% 57% G % urgent calls commencing clinical assessment in 20 minutes 97% 95% 97% 50% A % non-urgent calls commencing clinical assessment in 60 minutes 97% 95% 97% 50% G % of HI calls assessed within 3 hours 91% 90% 91% 90% Staff Organisation G Overall ICT availability 99.97% 99.00% 99.99% 99.99% R Schedule Adherence: Nurse Advisor 61% 80% 61% 57% A Schedule Adherence: Health Advisor 72% 80% 70% 66% A Calls per available hour 7.7 8.8 8.7 7.5 G Short term sickness 6% 6% 5% 5% R Rolling year turnover rate for staff 39% 25% 39% 30% A % of funded staff in establishment 90% 100% 91% 93% Stakeholders KPI <

Physics of Black Holes :: physics science space

What are Black Holes? A black hole is theorized to be a collection of collapsed matter of whose gravitational pull is so strong that not even light can escape its force. The matter is is forced in a very, very tiny area and therefore the matter is very dense. Since light cannot escape, they are considered to be truly black. This, obviously, makes it hard to detect an actual black hole, and therefore, have only been theorizd to exist. These theories are slowly turning into "conclusive evidence." This evidence includes the particle dust given off from matter entering the black hole, as well as observations of orbits of bodies near the black hole. Black holes are usually formed after supernova explosions, in which the remnants of this explosion implodes within itself. It will continue to condense to a volume of zero and infinite density. This is known as a singularity. How do we know? History Karl Swarzschild first came up with the concept of black holes in 1916. This was based upon Einstein's theory of relativity. The Swarzschild radius is the radius where the escape velocity equals the speed of light. The Swarzschild radius can be calculated using the escape velocity equation: vesc = (2GM/R)^1/2 Substituting the speed of light for the v: R = 2GM/c^2 If you notice, the Swarzschild radius is only dependent upon the mass of the body. Anything that enters this radius will not exit, due to the tremendous amount of gravitational pull. So, How do we know? Again, as mentioned earlier, we can't directly observe a black hole. We can, however, make observations to the surroundings around the black hole. It used to be that theorists were the only scientific persons who acknowledged an existence of black holes, however, today, the story is quite different. The popular idea today is that black holes do exist and are common in all the galaxies so far investigated. One reason is Einstein's theory of General Relativity. This theory accounts for the existence of black holes, and if they do not exist, then the General Relativity theories by Einstein would be wrong. Considering all the tests and experiements done to date to try and disprove this theory have all been rejected, this seems unlikely. Also, scientists today look for high concentration of mass in a small area. Calculations and technology allow this to happen. Another factor in proving the existence of black holes is the Hubble Space Telescope. The Hubble Space Telescope has accumulated a large amount of data and information supporting the existence of black holes.

Critique of the Hawthorne Experiments

Written by Fritz J. Roethlisberger (1898 – 1974), The Hawthorne Experiments, explores the experiments, results and conclusions of studies performed at the Hawthorne Plant of the Western Electric Company. The Hawthorne Effect is the theory that resulted from the studies. Roethlisberger, a key member of the team, joined the team in 1927 and actively participated in the research until 1936, first as Elton Mayo’s assistant and later as his collaborator (Roethlisberger, 2007). Roethlisberger earned a BA in engineering from Columbia University, a BS in engineering administration from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and a MA in philosophy from Harvard University (Roethlisberger, 2007). When Roethlisberger became Elton Mayo’s assistant and a member of the Harvard Business School Department of Industrial Research, his studies towards a PhD in philosophy were halted (Roethlisberger, 2007). Roethlisberger held multiple positions while at Harvard University including: Instructor of Industrial Research (1927-1930), Assistant Professor of Industrial Research (1930-1938), Associate Professor of Industrial Research (1938-1946); and Wallace Brett Donham Professor of Human Relations (1950-1974) (Roethlisberger, 2007). Roethlisberger also served as a consultant to the Training within Industry Program of the U. S. Governments Office of Production Management from 1941 to 1942 (Roethlisberger, 2007). Roethlisberger is also responsible for multiple other essays and books including, â€Å"Man-in-Organization: Essays of F. J. Roethlisberger† (1968), â€Å"Counseling in an Organization; A Sequel to the Hawthorne Researches (1966)†, and â€Å"Management and Morale† (1941) (Biography – Fritz, 2010). Critique The article uses the experiments performed at the Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company as illustration to prove Roethlisberger’s theory . He wrote: It is my simple thesis that a human problem requires a human solution. First, we have to learn to recognize a human problem when we see one; and second, upon recognizing it, we have to learn to deal with it as such and not as if it were something else. Too often at the verbal level we talk glibly about the importance of the human factor; and too seldom at the concrete level of behavior do we recognize a human problem for what it is and deal with it as such (Natemeyer & McMahon, 2001, p. 30). Roethlisberger also said, â€Å"A human problem to be brought to a human solution requires human data and human tools (Natemeyer & McMahon, 2001, p. 30). Again the results from these experiments reiterated Roethlisberger’s theory of treating human problems with human solutions. There were multiple experiments performed at the Hawthorne plant. â€Å"In the illumination experiments†¦we have a classic example of trying to deal with a human situation in nonhuman terms (Natemeyer & McMahon, 2001, p. 31). The illumination studies were performed from 1924 until 1927 and were to study the effect of lighting changes on employee productivity (Kirchner, 1992). Within this experiment, various degrees of illumination were experimented on a ‘test’ group and most of the experiments performed on the group showed an increase of productivity. According to Roethlisberger, â€Å"in still another experiment, the workers were allowed to believe that the illumination was being increased, although, in fact, no change in intensity was made† (Natemeyer & McMahon, 2001, p. 31). Again the researchers saw an increase in productivity. Some of the researchers were beginning to develop their basic ideas and assumptions with regard to human motivation (Natemeyer & McMahon, 2001, p. 31). In the next set of experiments, also known as the Relay Assembly Test Room Experiments, Western Electric Company drew support from Harvard researchers. The experiments (with five young women from the Relay Assembly room of the plant) involved manipulated a number of factors including, pay incentives, length of workday and work week, and the use of rest period (Natemeyer & McMahon, 2001, p 32). While researchers kept tons of data regarding this experiment, including the temperature and humidity of the room and the amount of slept each women had the night prior, the physical changes had little change on the productivity (Natemeyer & McMahon, 2001, pp. 32 – 34). The experiments at the Hawthorne Plant continued with interviewing the actual employees. These interviews began in 1928 and were the â€Å"first real attempt to get human data and to forge human tools to get them† (Natemeyer & McMahon, 2001, p. 35). In the beginning of the interviewing process, the interviewers found it difficult to not input their feelings, advice, etc into the interviews (Natemeyer & McMahon, 2001, p. 35). Over time and with practice: They discovered that sooner or later a person tends to talk about what is uppermost in his mind to a sympathetic and skillful listener. And they become more proficient in interpreting what a person is say or trying to say (Natemeyer & McMahon, 2001, p 35). It was the data from these experiments that supported the research of the Harvard team and lead them to conclude that productivity increase when management/supervisors began to pay attention to their employees. In the final set of experiments at the Hawthorne Plant, also described as the Bank Wiring Observation Group (1931-1932), researchers observed a group of employees that represented three occupational groups – wiremen, soldermen, and inspectors (Natemeyer & McMahon, 2001, p. 8). All of the work done in this room was piece work and what the researchers discovered while observing was† To be an accepted member of the group a man had to act in accordance with these [the] social standards. One man in this group exceeded the group standard of what constituted a fair day’s work. Social pressure was put on him to conform, but without avail, since he enjoyed doing things the other disliked. The best-liked person in the group was the one who kept his output exactly where the group agreed it should be (Natemeyer & McMahon, 2001, p. 8) It was these observations that lead the researchers to the conclusion: informal groups operate in the work environment. According to Roethlisberger, â€Å"most of us want the satisfaction that comes from being accepted and recognized as people of worth by friends and works associated. Money is only a small part of this social recognition (Natemeyer & McMahon, 2001, p. 39)† Despite the modern criticism the Hawthorne res earch receives, the studies changed the landscape permanently. These experiments help disprove, Frederick Winslow Taylor’s theory of scientific management. According to his theory, management should scientifically design the job, scientifically select and train the right worker, reward for performance (Dessler & Phillips, 2008, p. 12). The study at the Hawthorne plant shows that management can not be a separate identity in the workplace but needs to be actively involved and available to employees. While the findings of the Hawthorne Experiments disproved Taylor’s theory they do support Abraham Maslow’s theories. In Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, he points out there is more to motivation and an enjoyable workplace, then a paycheck. According to his theory, an employee has numerous needs including: physiological needs (food, water, etc), safety and security needs, social needs, self esteem, and self actualization (Dessler and Phillips, 2008, p. 12). In these experiments, the employees included in the group received more attention and were included into ‘special’ social groups. Today’s Workplace Fritz J. Roethlisberger’s conclusions from the Hawthorne Experiments are still relevant in today’s workplace. Employees need to feel as though they are a member of a group and their thoughts and opinions matter to the company they work for. While some researchers criticize the Hawthorne Experiments, the experiments, flawed or not, point to a key point – the employees in the Hawthorne experiment were pleased and thrived when receiving attention from the resea rchers. As Roethlisberger, pointed out one can not solve human problems or concerns without a human solution and he is correct. Social needs, self esteem needs, and self actualization needs, as defined by Maslow, are all human needs and can not be completed or satisfied with changed lighting, rest periods, increased pay, etc – they need human interaction and human solutions. These needs are even more important in our society and many companies do recognize these. Many companies now offer mentoring programs, employee groups (including health committee, activity committees, etc), rewards, and acknowledgement programs. When employees are made to feel special their physical and intellectual performance improves and thus a company will experience success.

Adjective Clauses in Grammar

Adjective Clauses in Grammar In English grammar, an adjective clause is a  dependent clause used as an adjective within a sentence. Also known as an adjectival clause or a relative clause. An adjective clause usually begins with a relative pronoun (which, that, who, whom, whose), a relative adverb (where, when, why), or a zero relative. See Examples below. Also, see: Contact ClauseRelative Pronouns and Adjective ClausesRestrictive and Nonrestrictive Adjective Clauses Exercises Expanding Sentences With Adjective ClausesPractice in Identifying Adjective ClausesPractice in Punctuating Adjective ClausesPractice in Using Relative Pronouns With Adjective ClausesSentence Building With Adjective Clauses Types of Adjectives Clauses There are two basic types of adjective clauses: ï » ¿The first type is the nonrestrictive or nonessential adjective clause. This clause simply gives extra information about the noun. In the sentence, My older brothers car, which he bought two years ago, has already needed many repairs, the adjective clause, which he bought two years ago, is nonrestrictive or nonessential. It provides extra information.The second type is the restrictive or essential adjective clause. It offers essential [information] and is needed to complete the sentences thought. In the sentence, The room that you reserved for the meeting is not ready, the adjective clause, that you reserved for the meeting, is essential because it restricts which room.- Jack Umstatter,  Got Grammar?  Wiley, 2007 Examples He who can no longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe is as good as dead.- Albert EinsteinCreatures whose mainspring is curiosity enjoy the accumulating of facts far more than the pausing at times to reflect on those facts. - Clarence DayAmong those whom I like or admire, I can find no common denominator, but among those whom I love, I can: all of them make me laugh. - W. H. AudenShort, fat, and of a quiet disposition, he appeared to spend a lot of money on really bad clothes, which hung about his squat frame like skin on a shrunken toad. - John le Carrà ©,  Call for the Dead, 1961

Free Essays on Essays On Essays

on a piece of paper. Even though they are partially correct, it is a lot more to it than that. First, you have to choose what type of essay you want to write: Classification, Process Analysis, Causes of, and many more. The essay that I want to explain is the Process Analysis essay. This essay is like making Kool-Aid. Just like Kool-Aid, you have steps to complete in order to make the perfect pitcher. The process analysis essay should have at least 6 different steps in completing it correctly. The very first step, prewriting, is not that hard. In fact, it is the easiest part of the essay. All you have to do is first find your subject (the topic you want to write about), it shouldn’t be hard because the topic is the reason you would want to write this type of essay. Now that you have your subject, jot down a few notes and facts that you already know about your subject. Don’t be afraid to leave out anything, there is always time to delete the nonsense sentences. Now that you have your ideas on paper, the next step is to compose the essay. Write out your rough draft and if you think it is necessary, add all of the nonsense sentences to make your essay look bigger. On a personal note, you might want to leave the spelling and grammar problems out, because you are not really interested in that right now. Spelling uses to much of your time and energy, it is better to get out what you are thinking on paper. After composing, you have to evaluate your essay. What I mean is you have to read the essay over and over, take out whatever you do or do not like and maybe change around some of the word usage. This is a good time to check out your grammar problems and run-on sentences. If you feel comfortable with your essay, let a peer read it and find out their opinion. Thei... Free Essays on Essays On Essays Free Essays on Essays On Essays Essay on Essay Many different people do not know how to write an essay, even though it is quite easy people just can’t comprehend it. People think and essay is words on a piece of paper. Even though they are partially correct, it is a lot more to it than that. First, you have to choose what type of essay you want to write: Classification, Process Analysis, Causes of, and many more. The essay that I want to explain is the Process Analysis essay. This essay is like making Kool-Aid. Just like Kool-Aid, you have steps to complete in order to make the perfect pitcher. The process analysis essay should have at least 6 different steps in completing it correctly. The very first step, prewriting, is not that hard. In fact, it is the easiest part of the essay. All you have to do is first find your subject (the topic you want to write about), it shouldn’t be hard because the topic is the reason you would want to write this type of essay. Now that you have your subject, jot down a few notes and facts that you already know about your subject. Don’t be afraid to leave out anything, there is always time to delete the nonsense sentences. Now that you have your ideas on paper, the next step is to compose the essay. Write out your rough draft and if you think it is necessary, add all of the nonsense sentences to make your essay look bigger. On a personal note, you might want to leave the spelling and grammar problems out, because you are not really interested in that right now. Spelling uses to much of your time and energy, it is better to get out what you are thinking on paper. After composing, you have to evaluate your essay. What I mean is you have to read the essay over and over, take out whatever you do or do not like and maybe change around some of the word usage. This is a good time to check out your grammar problems and run-on sentences. If you feel comfortable with your essay, let a peer read it and find out their opinion. Thei...

What are some Issues that Lead to the Rise of the Labor Movement and Essay

What are some Issues that Lead to the Rise of the Labor Movement and the Problems Organized Labor Faced both Internally and Externally in their Struggle for Social Equality - Essay Example Most employers since as early 19th century have been known for their ruthless treatment of their workers without considering their wellbeing and the civil rights to which they are entitled. For workers in the industrial sector, labor movements were organized with the core objective of bettering wages, reasonable hours, improved conditions at the work place. The movement’s efforts have since transformed the labor society to what it is today. It has resulted to dismissal of child labor, health benefits accrued to workers as well as provision of assistance to workers who get injured in the course of duty and support to for the retired group. Factors that have led to the emergence of the labor movements include mistreatment of workers at the work place by their employers. Incidences of workers mistreatment had become prominent in the American society that compelled them to form unions in an effort to fight for their rights and protect them from the inconsiderate, self-centered employees. The workers were kept working for longer hours with little or no pay at all. Such terms of contract fuelled formation of mass protest by the workers in protest of the cheap labor. Another factor that was key in the rise of labor movement was political involvement and sensitization of the workers. Local leaders and politicians played a significant role in the formation of unions as they sought to fight for the rights of their people. Most leaders of the time sensitized their community to stand their grounds and fight for their rights. The call by leaders propelled residents who were getting unfair treatment to congregate together and stag e a protest against their masters. This was evident in the colonial era where political leaders led their troops against their masters who were taking advantage of them to gained cheap labor leading to reforms in the sector. Marxism taught believed that trade

Time Warner Case Study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Time Warner Case Study - Research Paper Example Such a situation may progressively lead to market monopoly. It is obvious that a monopolistic market environment may hurt the interests of buyers, suppliers, and new market entrants. Sometimes, mergers adversely affect the feasibility of integrated organizations also if the business becomes too large because of the merger. Under such circumstances, the merger process may cause the firms to incur higher unit costs. Similarly, often huge mergers result in employee termination, which in turn, would contribute to growing unemployment issues. In short, thoughtless mergers would threaten the economic uplift of the country and, therefore, government regulation is essential in a market economy. 2. It is observed that the US government has constantly intervened in the country’s market process over the last decade, especially after the 2008-09 global financial crisis. The US government identified that accounting fraud was the root cause behind a series of corporate failures in the count ry. Hence, nowadays the US government greatly intervenes in the country’s market process on the belief that those restrictions would put a check on illegal and unfair business practices. In addition, the US debt crisis also persuaded regulators to exercise more control over the country’s market process. ... As Perry and Dell (2010) pointed out, investigations discovered that the US bank collapses were partially attributable to inefficient government control over its market operations. Policymakers believe that government intervention in the market process would assist the country to overcome the impacts of debt crisis and, thereby, promote sustainable economic growth. 3. An organization or an industry would face some additional complexities if it needs to expand its business sector by means of capital projects rather than merger strategy. Acquisition strategy is an alternative to merger and this method demands huge amounts of money. If the Time Warner proceeds with the acquisition strategy, the firm would be forced to raise huge capital in order to acquire another firm. In addition, organizational change associated with the acquisition strategy may sometimes raise potential managerial challenges to the organization. New venture expansion is another strategy for self expansion and it req uires the firm to raise abundant potential sources of capital. In case of large venture projects, Time Warner alone cannot fund its operational requirements and, thus, the firm may be forced to depend on debt financing practices. However, such policies would adversely affect the financial viability of the firm and consequently threaten the long-term sustainability of the organization (Debt financing). Furthermore, other capital projects based on self-expansional strategies may raise a series of operational difficulties to the company while entering an overseas market. It has been identified that the level of uncertainty is higher under self-expansion strategies based on capital projects other than merger process. 4. When the industry is confronted with government

Criminal Profiling Deductive vs Inductive Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminal Profiling Deductive vs Inductive - Essay Example Inductive and deductive criminal profiling are different from each other in more ways than one. Deductive criminal profiling is more common because it needs one to have specialized training and education in the field under investigation. This paper will give an in-depth analysis of the differences between deductive and inductive criminal profiling. Profiles work best when the criminal displays psychopathology traits, for example, postmortem mutilation, pedophilia or sadistic torture. A profile usually offers helpful information regarding issues such as age range, education level, and racial identity as well as travel patterns. These demographic variables come in handy when following the trail of the offender and the eventual arrest. Inductive profiling is the case whereby characteristics of offenders who are known are applied to subjects that are unknown. In this case, detectives believe that the two groups have some common features. It is important to note that it is risky owing to the fact that two people can engage in identical behavior but for different reasons. It is challenging to apply data that is relevant to a group of single entities who are members of the group (Turvey, 2011). Inductive profiling id used in the classification of rapists as well as serial killers. Inductive profiling uses all the evidence gathered from police reports, crime scenes, psychological evaluations as well as victimology reports. This is in order to analyze the data empirically and consequently support a theory. On the other hand, deductive profiling is limited to the evidence left at the crime scene. This kind of profiling is very common in the movies. The crime scene is assumed to be the canvas while the criminal deems himself the artist.  

Communicable Disease Paper Essay Example for Free

Communicable Disease Paper Essay Hepatitis B is a viral infection that is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease. Acute HBV is less than six months and ones immune system is able to fight and clear the infection. Chronic HBV lasts longer than six months and ones immune system is unable to fight the infection leading to liver failure, cancer or cirrhosis. Occasionally chronic HBV can go undetected for years due to a person being asymptomatic (Mayo Clinic, 2011). Mode of Transmission In highly infected areas of the world, HBV is most commonly spread from mom to baby at birth or from person to person in early childhood (World Health Organization [WHO], 2013). The HBV is also spread via parenteral contact with infected blood or blood products, sharing of or accidental needle sticks and having unprotected sex with one who’s blood, saliva, semen or vaginal secretions are infected and enter your body (Copstead and Banasik, 2010). Signs and Symptoms Signs and symptoms of HBV may never appear or appear over a two to six month period. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, dark urine, fever, joint pain, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, weakness and fatigue and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and or sclera) (Mayo Clinic, 2011). Complications Having chronic HBV can lead to serious life threatening complications such as, cirrhosis, liver cancer, failure, hepatitis D infection or kidney failure. Liver cirrhosis occurs when HBV has caused inflammation to liver leading to scaring and formation of fibrotic cell tissue that blocks hepatic blood flow and cell function. This in turn results in overgrowth of new cells attempting to regenerate causing decreased liver function Liver cancer and failure can occur if a patient has cirrhosis due to being a risk factor (Copstead and Banasik, 2010). Treatment Treatment of HBV is supportive. Care focuses on nutrition, hydration and comfort (WHO, 2013). For those who have been infected with acute HBV, may not even need treatment but only management of symptoms. Those infected with chronic HBV may need more invasive treatments such as, antiviral medications or need a liver transplant (Mayo Clinic, 2011). Antiviral medications are used to slow and fight the virus from destructing the liver. Liver transplants are an option if a patient has end-stage liver disease where traditional treatments have not worked and are a qualified candidate (Copstead and Banasik, 2010). Demogrphics Approximately 60,000 people die every year from HBV (WHO, 2013). There are about 200 billion people living around the world with HBV with an estimated 1. 2 million living in the United States (CDC, 2013). In 2011 the United States was estimated to have 18,800 actual new cases of the HBV (CDC, 2013). Those who are at greatest risk for developing HBV are Asian and Pacific Islanders, African Americans, gay and bisexual individuals, those who have multiple sex partners and do not practice safe sex or are intravenous drug users. Gay and bisexual men make up 20% of new HBV cases and 50% Asian and Pacific Islanders are living with HBV (CDC, 2013). Most Asian and Pacific Islanders were infected with HBV as infants or children and 1 in 12 are living with it and are not even aware. Determinants of Health Environmental factors such as living conditions, social networks and social support systems are all key drivers for one becoming infected with the HBV. For example, a homeless person who has a poor health status, is uninsured, unemployed and has a lack of education is more likely to be diagnosed with HBV. Also certain races are more likely to be infected with the HBV, as stated above, Asian and Pacific Islanders make up 50% of the population living with HBV (CDC, 2013). In addition there is a lack of resources available to protect, improve and maintain one health due to the cost and lack of good health services to individuals with low socioeconomic backgrounds. Therefore, focus needs to be made on improving access to care as well as treating the environmental and social factors of health. Epidemiologic Triangle The epidemiologic triangle is used to analyze the natural history of a disease. It asses the agent â€Å"what†, host â€Å"who† and environment â€Å"where† (Maurer and Smith, 2013). The biological agent for hepatitis B is a virus. The host’s demographics can range from infancy into adulthood and any race is susceptible to the virus. The body’s defenses are more likely to fight off acute than chronic HBV. A person’s behavior as well plays a large role in one becoming infected. Those who are intravenous drug users or have a history of multiple sex partners are my susceptible to developing HBV. Environmental factors based on social and economic considerations could be direct person-to-person contact of bodily fluids via kissing or sexual intercourse or receiving contaminated blood products from infected individuals. Within the workplace, an individual could accidently prick himself or herself with a contaminated needle increasing their chances of becoming infected. Role of Community Health Nurse It is important for the community health nurse to educate and promote prevention of HBV. Teaching risk reduction interventions and strategies such as not having unprotected sex and using condoms can help prevent transmission of hepatitis B. For those who have already become infected with the HBV it’s important to provide timely referrals for sexual health related services to further prevent others from becoming infected. Making the hepatitis vaccinations more accessible and available is an effective way to prevent hepatitis B. Educating health and human service providers about hepatitis B promotes quality of care and awareness as well as reduces chances of transmission. Ensuring adequate resources are available (state and local surveillance) to accurately monitor disease trends, transmission and how effective treatment is can improve and ensure correct data collection. It’s also important that the nurse refers patients to accessible care and treatment facilities so that compliance can be obtained and the rate of transmission, morbidity and mortality can be reduced. National Organization The World Hepatitis Alliance is a non-profit international umbrella non-governmental organization that represents every region of the world with viral hepatitis. They raise awareness, reduce the stigma associated with viral hepatitis, work with the WHO and provide preventive care as well as support and access to treatment. Their goal is eradication of HBV and HCV. They plan on achieving this goal by having more countries with a complete hepatitis strategy in place, regional patient organizations in all WHO regions, on going support for global hepatitis groups, acceptance at a global level of HBV and HCV, increased alliance and a more diversified funding base for the alliance. Conclusion There are two billion people worldwide that are infected with HBV and more than 350 million are infected with chronic liver infections, which increases their risk of death significantly (Maurer and Smith, 2013). Fortunately, there is a vaccine for hepatitis B but it has not become easily accessible to those in developing countries. This is a virus that can be prevented if individuals are being educating on the causes and risks as well as ways to protect themselves. It is up to us healthcare providers to spread awareness and makes our patients more knowledgeable about the types of communicable disease in our world so that they can make healthy choices.

Computers :: essays research papers

This paper is about the computer. Today computers are used by hundreds of millions of people. There have been many advances in the computer. The computer used to weigh 30 tons and filled warehouse size rooms, but today can be as light as 3 pounds and fit in a persons pocket.There were basically three times the computer was mentioned. One as a mechanical computing device, in about 500 BC The other as a concept in 1833, and the third as the modern day computer in 1946. The first mechanical calculator was called the abacus. The abacus is a is a string of moving beads.The first concept of the modern computer was first outlined in 1833 by the British mathematician Charles Babbage. His outline contained all of todays features in a computer today. Those features are memory, a control unit, and output devices. Even though Babbage worked on the machine for over 40 years he never actual saw it work. The modern computer grew out of intense research efforts mounted during World War II. The military needed faster ballistics calculators, and British cryptographers needed machines to help break the German secret codes.Early as the 1940's the German Inventor, Konrad Zuse, produced the first operational computer. It was used in aircraft and missile designs, but the German government would not let him improve the machine so it never reached its maximum capability. Two engineers called John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert Jr. from the University of Pennsylvania constructed a calculator. Its construction was an enormous feat of engineering. The 30-ton machine was 18 feet high and 80 feet long, and contained 17,468 vacuum tubes linked by 500 miles of wiring. This calculator performed 100,000 operations per second, and its first operational test included calculations that helped determine the feasibility of the hydrogen bomb. Computers were finally made to a smaller size in 1958 by Jack Kilby. He used less expensive silicon chips, this made it possible to cram as many as 10 million components on 1 chip. Another big step in the computer chip was made by American Engineer Marcian E. Hoff. He combined the uses of a computer into 1 tiny silicon chip which he called the microprocessor. This microprocessor was called the Intel 4004. By the mid 1970's the microprocessor or microchip reduced the cost of computers. The first affordable desktop computer designed specifically for personal use was called the Altair 8800 and was sold by Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems in 1974.