Saturday, August 31, 2019
Digital Advertising
Digital marketing uses the Internet and information technology to extend and improve traditional marketing functions. The science of digital marketing is about technology that delivers, measures and serves campaigns and messages to the right people at the right time. Reach is a simple but powerful criterion for success in marketing. Digital advertising refers to any advertising that is created and displayed using computer technology primarily based around the World Wide Web. Digital advertising is an important part of the digital marketing business.Digital advertising is very important for brands that seek to communicate and engage with their customers, especially when speaking in terms of purchase decision making and brand perception. In marketing, time spent with an advert is an important measure. There is a clear connection between the amount of time a user spends actively engaging with an online advert and a consumer’s subsequent behavior with that brand. It is now recogni zed that the web, e-mail and sms are part of everyday life. Digital advertising provides a richer and closer relationship with consumers. Digital advertising replaces disruption with engagement.Since many digital users are active, any response to a digital advert is almost always immediate. Digital advertising communicates with consumers in real time. Online advertising has become a very powerful tool for marketing over the last few years. Since the Internet has become a more popular form of entertainment than television for the younger generation, the use of digital advertising as entertainment as well as a platform to sell products has been a major success of advertising on the Internet. Ad operations are generally understood to be the intricate set of tasks that happen between online display advertising sales and billing.It is the technical and administration details that have to be put in place to make campaigns go live, run smoothly and deliver. It is the prerequisite for an ef fective online ad sales business. Some of the main areas of expertise within ad operations are: trafficking, creative testing, creative development, optimization, inventory forecasting, yield management and reporting. There are massive risks and costs associated with bad ad operations. One of the most visible impacts of bad ad operations is the creation of organizational noise and chaos.Late creative input, bad communication and missing paperwork creates a lot of internal stress and also impacts negatively on the consumer satisfaction of advertisers. The commercial impact is under delivery, non- compliance and discrepancies. The under delivery of a campaign can certainly be mitigated by a good ad ops team even though it cannot always be prevented. It is possible to reduce under delivery and under billing of campaigns by monitoring delivery throughout the campaign and clearly communicating technical specifications to agency contacts. The aim of good ad ops is to prevent discrepancies before they occur.Investigate them extensively and resolve them if they occur. When ad ops team don’t follow best practice guidelines discrepancies occur. The commercial impact of this is calculated by: % campaigns with discrepancies x average discrepancy rate x monthly sales. For publishers selling plenty of ads in a month, a good ad ops team is required to keep average discrepancy rates at the barest minimum and not to view high discrepancy rates as an occupational hazard. The negative brand impact of non compliance like running an ad from a restricted category (e. g. porn, religious) is massive on a brand name site.Ad ops creates a check and balance system to approve ads before they are sold and QA them before they go live. In addition to ensuring that all creatives fall in line with publisher’s editorial guidelines, good ad ops employs efficient methods for managing the complexity introduced by third party tags, rotation and geo- targeting. Networks must have effi cient ad ops department to deal with thousands of potential clients running on thousands of sites. Efficient ad ops teams keep networks on top of privacy issues. Ad ops teams deliver campaigns with incredible targeting, handle complex ad formats, forecast inventory and build workflow.
Friday, August 30, 2019
Number theory
The number theory concerns about numbers i.e. whole numbers or rational numbers (fractions). Number theory is one of the oldest branches of pure mathematics and one of the largest. It is a branch of pure mathematics concerning with the properties and integers. Arithmetic is also used to refer number theory. It is also called higher arithmetic. The earliest geometric use of Diophantine equations can be tracked back to the Sulba Sutras, which were written, between 8th and 6th centuries BC. There are various number theories described as follows: Elementary Number theory Analytic Number theory Algebraic Number theory Geometric number theory Combinational number theory Computational number theory FUNCTIONS Number theory is connected with higher arithmetic hence it is the study of properties of whole numbers. Primes and prime factorization are important in number theory. The functions in number theory are divisor function, Riemann Zeta function and totient function. The functions are linked with Natural numbers, whole numbers, integers and rational numbers. The functions are also linked with irrational numbers. The study of irrational numbers may be done with Surd, Extraction of Square roots of natural numbers, Logarithms and Mensuration. At present Number Theory functions have 848 formulas, which are related with Prime Factorization Related functions and Other Functions. Prime Factorization Related Functions Factor Integer [n]                                         70 Formulas Division [n]                                                   66 Formulas Prime [n]                                                       83 Formulas PrimePi [x]                                                    83 Formulas Divisor Sigma [k,n]                                      128 Formulas Euler Phi [n]                                                 109 Formulas Moebius Mu [n]                                            79 Formulas Jacobi Symbol [n,m]                                     101 Formulas Carmichasel Lambda [n]                              63 Formulas Digit Count [n, b]                                         66 Formulas Computational number theory It is a study of effectiveness of algorithms for computation of number-theoretic quantities. It is also considers integer quantities (for example class number) whose usual definition is non constructive, and real quantities (eg. The values of zeta functions) which must be computed with very high precision. Hence in this function overlaps both computer algebra and numerical analysis. Combinational Number Theory It involves the number-theoretic study of objects, which arise naturally from counting or iteration. It is also study of many specific families of numbers like binomial coefficients, the Fibonacci numbers, Bernoulli numbers, factorials, perfect squares, partition numbers etc. which can be obtained by simple recurrence relations. The method is very easy to state conjectures in this area, which can often be understood without any particular mathematical training. Integer factorization Given two large prime numbers, p and q, their product pq can easily be computed. However, given pq, the best known algorithms to recover p and q require time greater than any polynomial in the length of p and q. Discrete logarithm Let G be a group in which computations are reasonably efficient. Then given g and n, computing gn is not too expensive. However, for some groups G, computing n given g and gn, called the discrete logarithm, is difficult. The commonly used groups are Discrete logarithms modulo p Elliptic curve discrete logarithms REFERENCE: http://functions.wolfram.com/NumberTheoryFunctions/ Weil, Andre: â€Å"Number theory, An approach through history†, Birkhauser Boston, Inc. Mass., 1984 ISBN-0-8176031410 Ore, Oystein, â€Å"Number theory and its history, Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1988. 370 pp. ISBN 0-486-65620-9.
Thursday, August 29, 2019
Rules of Statutory Interpretation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words
Rules of Statutory Interpretation - Essay Example In order to find the intent and meaning of legislation, judges use various rules and approaches of statutory interpretation such as legislative history and the traditional statutory interpretation canons. The use of rules and approaches in statutory interpretation is necessary because of the following reasons: more often than not, words have more than one meaning; errors of omission or commission may have been committed during the drafting if the statute; words can prove to be imperfect means of communication; and, society may experience new developments that may render some words in the statute out-of-date since they can no longer cover contemporary situations.2 Rules and approaches to statutory interpretations have been developed by the judges; the Interpretation Act of 1978 provides basic definitions which are necessary during statutory interpretations.3 As a matter of fact, the main function of the courts is to interpret the Acts of Parliament; they have the role of attempting to establish the Parliament’s intention in passing of a particular Act and make a decision based on that intention. However, there is a view among legal scholars and practitioners that the rules and approaches that apply to statutory interpretation give too much latitude to the courts, and there seem to be no underpinning principles.4 It is in the light of this that this paper will focus on the rules and approaches that apply to statutory interpretation and discuss the validity of this view. In addition, it will consider the influence of the European Law in regard to this topic. As has been noted, the courts use rules and approaches in interpreting statutes. Conventionally, the judge will perform the following tasks during statutory interpretations: consider the legislative intent of the statute, objective meaning of the appropriate text, the traditional canons of the statutory interpretation, and the general purposes and policies behind the legislation among others.5 Based on those considerations, the court may determine how the statute could be interpreted to mean.6 However, the court may also determine that there is no sufficient reason to prefer one way of interpretation over the other. This is one of the reasons that make some legal scholars and practitioners to have the view that the rules and Approaches that apply to statutory interpretation give too much latitude to the courts.7 They argue that even though it is assumed that diligent application of these rules and approaches will enable the courts to be persuaded on which interpretation is legally preferable; in some cases the courts encounter frustrations while attempting to find the legally preferable interpretation of statutes. As a result, sometimes judges have to pretend that these rules and approaches have yielded decisive interpretation when in real sense they have not, a situation that encourages arbitrariness and obfuscation in making of judicial decisions.8 In order to effectively discus s the validity of the view that 'The Rules and Approaches that apply to statutory interpretation give too much latitude to the courts, and it seems there are no underpinning principles', it is important to understand what these rules and
Wednesday, August 28, 2019
Is Neoliberalism in crisis today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words
Is Neoliberalism in crisis today - Essay Example We find ourselves overwhelmed with grand arguments by finest economists and other intellectuals that the form of global economy that is surfacing nowadays is not only the most modern experiment in economic structure, it is, definitely, the most promising economic organisation. Global neoliberalism, the ‘extension of market-based economic integration across all local, regional and national borders’ (United Nations Environment Programme 2002: 330), will furnish humanity with the best possible means to attain eternal prosperity. Through the success of the global capitalist market economy and the resulting downfall of all structures of state planning such as communism and socialism, economic history as the competition among various economic structures will eventually end (Rapley 2004). But now neoliberalism is in crisis. This prominent form of economic organisation is now old and questionable. The flow of politics across the Third World countries or the developing world is not in favour of the traditional rules of free capital flows, deregulation, and belt-tightening. It is relatively probable the markets will reach an equilibrium, or even rally a little, but a number of major theories are up for re-evaluation (Harvey 2007). The objective of this paper is to review and discuss the so-called ‘crisis’ faced by neoliberalism today. Alternative economic structures or solutions to global neoliberalism will also be discussed. Economists might be excused for asking whether the financial crisis that hit the Asian region, which transpired in 1997 and has subsequently, expanded beyond the region, has troubled the certainty of the supporters of global neoliberalism (Berger 2003). Specifically, the Asian crisis is one of the most evident manifestations of the problems that neoliberal economic structure now faces. However, advocates of the neoclassical or neoliberal economic theory refuse to give up
Tuesday, August 27, 2019
Foreign Policy Decision-Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Foreign Policy Decision-Making - Essay Example 1986 foreign policy decision- making article by Ostrom and Job, the theory of the presidential decision-making is based on the roles; the commander-in- chief, the chief executive, and the party leader. Of these three, this paper looks into the best foreign policy approach that effectively explains the Ostrom and Job’s hypothesis and expectations. The interest of the United States at the international scene, that focus on the U.S. expansion and influence in the world has in the past formed the basis of the U.S. politics ever since. A president’s scorecard only begins by the foreign policy approach applied during his or her regime. As the chief executive, the president is expected to respond swiftly to the domestic interests like the public’s foreign policy and economic concerns. As the party leader, the president’s decision making process must take into account of his popularity and election cycle. For these two approaches, the president uses his power as the commander-in-chief to focus on the global politics, basically being very keen on the national security and the influence abroad. Therefore, whenever the president makes a foreign policy decision, the decision must be backed by the political and the public goodwill. This policy supports the Ostrom and Job’s hypothesis. Mitchel and Moore summary should be based on the fact that the presidential decision making for international issues is backed by his political survival and of the American interest. This conclusion does not contradict Ostrom and Job’s expectation. The theory of the cybernetic model of presidential decision making best explains Mitchel and Moore’s findings. Truly, the presidential survival in the American politics is mainly on the policies that the president applies, especially abroad. As the most powerful nation in the world, the decisions made; political, economical, or military decisions, are very critical to the American people and the
Monday, August 26, 2019
How does photo Journalism impact the public awareness of humanity Essay
How does photo Journalism impact the public awareness of humanity - Essay Example They are the pictures that reflect what is going on in society and Americans see on the front page of their newspapers that compelled Americans to construct opinions and take action accordingly. If viewed and analyzed through the window of history, it transpires that photography has asserted itself to be a valuable medium for improving America both ethically and communally, thus revealing that photography is a form of communication that is evenly as well-built as any other type of communication. The Research Question The research question for this paper is â€Å"How does photo Journalism impact the public awareness of humanity?†The question needs be elaborated through multi-dimensional perspectives. At one side, it address the significance of photography in journalism, while on the other hand, it also corresponds various ways and means which are direct or indirect consequences of public awareness owing to photojournalism. Yet another importance is that of humanity which has u niversal implications. In media and communication, every image is full of meaning and message. Background of the Study Today, there are a vast number of people who are still skeptical of the invention and question whether it has resulted positively. The photograph has been an extremely valued invention, by allowing social advancement for minorities, allowing for a more valued news press, and giving artists the chance to steer away from portrait-painting and develop such movements as Impressionism. In general, life as we know it today would not be remotely close to what it is had photography not been invented, and we are able to see this since photography was first generated.         By the invention of photography, minorities, primarily women, were given an equal opportunity to excel in a hobby. Through out the eighteen hundreds, women were beginning to be more and more aware of the need for equality. Co-ed universities and schooling outside of the home were becoming more prevalent through out the United States, and women's activist groups were popping up with an intense velocity. The desire for equality had an equal or greater swiftness in itself, and women all across America were ready and willing to fight for it. Photography was a hobby that was easily done in the home, and although many women's pieces were not given proper recognition until years later the knowledge that women had the ability to do something just as well as men could, gave them inspiration to succeed in photography, as well as life. Objective of the Study This paper will respond and evaluate the question whether photojournalism has a considerable impact on public awareness of humanity. There are so many versatile ways in journalism to convey and spread news and information in society. Although photojournalism is an old method and apparently seems diminishing and dim aspect of media as compared to modern digital technology based ways of news presentation, yet nobody can deny its impact and significance and it is still influential where no other technology can meddle. For example, if we peep through history, we will come to know that in WWI and WWII, it was only photojournalism that narrated the atrocities and tactics used by the confronting parties of the war. Again, it was photojournalism that showed the dismal image of humanity during war and general people was convince to think
Sunday, August 25, 2019
Nursing and Unions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1
Nursing and Unions - Research Paper Example These conditions require some control and for controlling these negativities, nursing unions are there. With the help of unions, the nurses can get their due rights according to their hard work and the efficacy of unions cannot be rejected. Nurses accommodate the people with appropriate strategies that can be adopted for gaining optimal health. The vitality of nurses cannot be negated in the profession of healthcare. Nurses work as individuals as well as groups to help the needy people in terms of health. Nowadays, the lack of attraction towards nursing profession poses a serious concern for the health based departments and public health is endangered. The nurses have the right to gain positive reception for their hard work and in gaining that positive reception, unions play a positive part. Some nurses believe, that one alternative to the current slide in morale is to join together as a collective voice to bring about a change in the healthcare profession, which in turn is boosting the participation in nursing unions. It may lead to improved patient outcome because of increased job satisfaction and increased safety measures designed to protect both nurses and the patients. Because of unionization, more people will be encouraged to join nursing as a profession as they will be sure that their due rights will not be rejected and they will be taken care of. The nurses unions represent industrial interests of nurses employed under all awards and agreements, in both the public and private sectors. Its primary function is to protect the interest of nurses in this profession. Moreover, the association represents and provides for the professional, educational and industrial welfare of nurses in government and non government forums at state, national and international level. (Koontz & Weihrich, 2006) Â
Saturday, August 24, 2019
Canadian education system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words
Canadian education system - Essay Example The "Whig interpretation" viewed "much of history, through British Whig eyes," as the best way to progress, "away from savagery and ignorance towards peace, prosperity, and science" (Hayes, 2002). This is view self-limiting, and is inherently, thus, incapable of presenting a true and balanced picture. The social perspective of history, influenced mainly by Bailyn (1960), stands apart from 'Whig history' and analyzes the system of informal education, prevalent earlier to the advent of public schooling, as provided by the family, community and the Church. With more emphasis on the importance of informal education, this interpretation recognizes that "schools are but one aspect" of the ever-changing "society", which "is a complex web" (Mazurek, 1986, p. 25). However, there is one shortcoming in this perspective; the main objective of this interpretation, it appears, was to impress upon the educational historians that, education must be viewed beyond mere professional and instructional dimensions of schooling (Carney, 1990, p 10). Ethnographic interpretation of history has some advantages, in the sense that, one gets to view different angles reported and recorded. Since this form of interpretation admits that human reactions are varied, it recognizes as valid, subjective interpretations of "what actually happens", as perceived by teachers, parents and students (Mazurek, 1986: 28). In recent times, the use of 'hypermedia' for ethnographic studies has increased "the potential to offer a form of ethnographic representation which is highly reflexive, collaborative, and multi-vocal" (Anderson, 1999). Revisionism - for ideological, political and economic analysis The inherent complexities of the various issues affecting education, makes it extremely hard, to arrive at a consensus theory, regarding the history of the system's evolution. Revisionist history came into being, in the process of trying to explain the various conflicting social forces, driving the nascent development of educative reforms, then. Under the guise of a so-called movement, some sections of the society, actively promoted and established public schooling, as progressive development. Arguments and counter-arguments fill the revisionist literature with abundance of details. From this quagmire of conflicting views, two major alternative interpretations emerged, - The Radical revisionism and Moderate revisionism. They are similar to each other, and yet differ in the emphasis placed on the links between the past events and, the present context. At the center of the revisionist historian's perspective is that "Schooling seeks to make selves" with its goal as moral regulation to facilitate "self-rule" or "self-government" (Corrigan, Curtis & Lanning, 1987, p.23). As Mazurek (1986, p.26) puts it, "schools are perceived as one weapon in the arsenal of privileged groups in the society as they attempt to perpetuate status
Global Expansion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words
Global Expansion - Essay Example There has been a considerable growth in globalization in the last decade. Trade and investments across borders have increased greatly that has helped shaping the economies of various nations. It has become highly important for organizations to remain transparent, comparable and reliable in terms of providing financial information. Globalization impacts international accounting in terms of the flow of capital. This increases issues relating to harmonizing global standards. Moreover, globalization has helped emerging economies such as, that of India and China, to participate in the global economy. This further increases the flow of capital as economic opportunities are developed. Maintaining adequate accounting records becomes a challenge for most organizations due to the conflicting accounting policies of the different nations and of regulatory authority. The requirement of universally acceptable rules in respect of accounting becomes essential. In general multinational firms follow t he IFRS principles. Considerable efforts are taken by different regulatory authorities to reduce the gap between the IFRS principles and the accounting regulations imposed by different nations and the US GAAP. Research questions are the identification of the main motive behind a research and what a researcher expects to learn from the same. Research questions hep to give direction to the study and helps maintaining a proper structure in the report. The research questions identified for conducting this research are as follows. The research has been conducted on the basis of qualitative studies. The study was conducted by secondary data collection technique. Information was collected from different journals and books for analysing the subject of study. The pattern of analysis followed in this research was largely the case study method. Case study method
Friday, August 23, 2019
Comparative Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Comparative Analysis - Essay Example Critical thinking is considered as an important concept in nursing. The role of critical thinking is defined by different authors in different styles. The perspective of critical thinking in nursing plays different roles ranging from diagnoses to analysis of patients’ conditions. This paper aims to analyze two articles relating to this topic. The first article is titled as â€Å"Critical thinking and accuracy of nurses diagnoses†. The second article is â€Å"The theory of critical thinking of nursing†. Although both articles carry useful information it is not justifiable to ignore the distinct perspectives and methodologies used by the authors. The article â€Å"Critical thinking and accuracy of nurses diagnoses†is much lengthy and carries more in-depth analysis, whereas, the article â€Å"The theory of critical thinking of nursing†is not that wordy but contains facts and clearly prove the claims by giving evidences. The article â€Å"Critical thinking and accuracy of nurses diagnoses†is designed in a way to incorporate both empirical and theoretical literature available. The information flows in a way that explains all necessary concepts related to the issue. The article first describes the relationship between critical thinking and diagnostic accuracy. It is evident that nurses are aimed to achieve diagnostic accuracy. Flawed diagnoses may end up creating complex and unavoidable circumstances both for the patients and nursing staff. In order to clarify the problems that may arise as a result of wrong interpretation, the article include a few case studies where wrong interpretation of signs and symptoms created troublesome situations. There are some overlapping symptoms which require a higher level of critical thinking for more accurate diagnoses. This article involves a table to provide examples of those overlapping symptoms. The study further illuminates the concepts of cognitive fluency, flexibility and elaboration. The
Thursday, August 22, 2019
Stress management techniques Essay Example for Free
Stress management techniques Essay The three stress management techniques I chose are yoga, swimming and music. These are my favorite activities to do. They are all very relaxing in different ways, mentally and physically. I am currently stressed out with school and by doing yoga; it relieves my stress by relaxing my muscles and allowing my mind to calm down. In yoga I’ve learned the three different ways people breathe depending on their stress: high, low, and middle breathing. The complete breath is the breath you want to use in yoga to get full relaxation. This is definitely one of my favorite relaxation techniques. Another technique that helps me relieve stress is swimming. Swimming involves a lot of endurance which distracts your mind into thinking about things other than school. By maintaining this physical activity it helps to manage the stress caused by life in general. I noticed that when I swam all my stress suddenly went away and I felt relieved. The last technique I used was music, which is my all-time favorite. Everyone has their own type of music that they like to listen to. Whenever I’m upset or stressed I always listens to music and it makes me think about other things. Music definitely is a HUGE stress reliever. The more positive music I listen to the less stressed out I am. In conclusion, after testing out those three stress management techniques, the one I prefer and thought helped the most was swimming. Although, I love music, swimming you’re actually doing something and moving your body. Where with music you’re just sitting there listening to lyrics and sad songs. With swimming your adrenaline is always flowing.
Wednesday, August 21, 2019
Responsibilities of Human Resource Management in Microsoft Corporation
Responsibilities of Human Resource Management in Microsoft Corporation Microsoft Corporation is a company located in USA that manufactures, develops and supports a wide variety of products and services in the computing sector. The products and services of the company include computer software, consumer electronic, hardware, IT consulting, etc. The company established in 1975 by Bill Gates and Paul Allen, excelled in developing the operating systems for the computers. In 1984 they released the Microsoft windows version jointly with IBM. The company considers Human Resources as its asset and is keen on attracting and retaining talented manpower and managing them efficiently by making informed decisions. The company has around 93,000 employees and they manage the employees strategically. Maintaining a sound performance appraisal system in the company is the most difficult and most important part of Human Resource Management in the company (Coutts and Schneider, 2004). The performance of the employs in the organization is tracked and their work is observed by the supervisors and effective feedback is given at appropriate times. The performance appraisal process in the company is carried out after the superiors and subordinates come together to discuss the goals, objectives, expectations of the company, targets to be achieved, evaluation criteria and methods. The supervisor of the company is responsible towards identifying the skills, competencies and knowledge of the employees and if they are capable enough to carry out their duties and work effectively. The superiors also need to ensure that they properly communicate and give the right idea regarding the performance expectations and the rewards for the performance (Newstrom and Davis, 1993). Some methods that compani es usually follow for the purpose of performance evaluation are 360 degree feedback, critical incidence, rating scales etc. Microsoft is a company that gives importance to its Human resources, thus has developed a web-based tool à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the performance toolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ wherein the commitments, goals and employees and bosses are included and their roles defined. The employees in the company can log on using an ID and clearly understand the goals of the superior frame or change oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own goal that way. This tool or model is flexible as the goals can be changed according to their requirement. Performance management system is managed with the help of this model in the company. Microsoft follows certain steps in its performance evaluation process: As a first step the employee and the manager carry out a face to face meeting twice a week. Then a meeting is done half yearly where the employees and the managers discuss and solve various issues concerned with behavior, performance and the expectations. Online tests are carried out to check the skill level of the employees and feedback is given according to the tests. Microsoft also provides an option for the employee to choose their superiors to be their mentors. Performance appraisal structure in Microsoft is unique with 2 reviews being held in a year i.e. career compass held in January and Final performance appraisal held in August. Career Compass is a review held in midyear wherein the employee development considered as an important thing. The mainly includes the development of their competencies, in which case the company involves two kinds of competencies: Microsoft core competencies- involve collaboration and cross border cooperation, innovation, confidence and proper decision making Functional competencies in Microsoft are the interpersonal skills, skills for project management, analytical skills, strategic decision making etc. Final performance appraisal involves the proper reviewing of the total performance management carried out in the company and is used to rate all the performances and commitments. The goals and targets that were set before as a benchmark will be reviewed and revised after the performance evaluation is done. The employee is also encouraged to do the self appraisals so that they themselves can understand the issues and lack of performance and reasons etc. in the final appraisal process the concerned managers of the department where the employee belongs and HR personnel of the company would sit together and discuss the details of the performance evaluation and appraisal process of the employees. They then rate the employees according to their level of performance achieved based on the standard set. The rating system in the company is based upon commitments and the target achieved. The performance rating in the company is form 5 which is for exceptional performance to 1 unsatisfactory performance. The company also follows a contribution ranking against the coworkers depending on the factors like the readiness to work and potential to learn. The performance appraisal and evaluation process in the company is highly essential in highlighting and communicating its goals and objectives to its employees and ensuring that they are properly achieved (Longenecker, 1997). Microsoft has been successful in maintaining the proper level of performance among the employees and achieves organizational goals. The employees in the company are aware of their roles and responsibilities thus working towards achieving the targets by framing their goals in the right direction (Grote, 1996). Microsoft is a company that provides certain important targets for each department by asking them to maintain a standard level performance rating for the employees, where in the standard of performance of the employees does not go below this level. The environmental factors have a key role to play in the methods used by the company with respect to the various HR practices. Thus the performance evaluation process in Microsoft Corporation is formulated taking into consideration the factors of external environmental factors. The various political, economic, social and technological factors play a key role in defining the human resource activities of the company. Political factors: The political environment in a country can be considered as an important factor that will affect the working of the company in a number of ways. One of the important political issues related to companies like Microsoft are the property protection measures and protection for investments. Many political parties helped the company gain tax benefits in a lot of ways. Economic Factors: it is difficult to list out the key economic factors that affect the company, since the Information Technology market is highly dynamic and standardization is not possible (Rubini, 2010). The recent economic downturn has also adversely affected the company like any other as the economy of most of the countries was badly hit and the market had slowed down. Social environmental factors: the social environment of the country in which they operate, act as important aspects in deciding the performance and operations of the company. A company that is socially responsible will be considered well by the customer. The employees will feel proud to work for such companies. Microsoft has been funding many CSR activities, but due to the economic recession the company has cut its budget in that area to invest in some its products. A company that is committed to the society will also possess employees who would work towards such a goal. Technological environment: the technological factors like the technological innovations and creativity has lead to an entirely new and different kind of expansion in the information technology industry. There are many companies operating in the market providing software, IT and hardware services with innovative technology in every service. The growth of technology has been tremendous as a result of which the company has to recruit and acquire more skills and trained employees who have the knowledge of changing technology in this field. In order to increase the operational efficiency the company is expected to increase the performance level of the employees (Kurtz, 2009). Proper performance management system in the company will cater to providing the solution to this issue. Microsoft has developed various methods to perfectly understand the make clear evaluations of the employee performance and train them according to the need of the hour. The study is thus concludes that the company Microsoft is highly specific on establishing a proper performance management system that meets their requirements and maintains their standard at all levels. The Human Resource Management and planning in the company is effective as they have a plan on how to make best use of their human resources asset. The various environmental factors and conditions play a key role deciding various aspects of HR practices in the company. The performance appraisal system is crucial in achieving the goals of the company.
Tuesday, August 20, 2019
Ethical Examination of the Mortgage Meltdown
Ethical Examination of the Mortgage Meltdown The subprime mortgage crisis, commonly referred to as the mortgage meltdown, unveiled itself after a sharp increase in home foreclosures beginning in 2006, which unfolded seemingly out of control by 2007. American spending declined, the housing market plunged, foreclosures continued to climb and the stock market was shaken. The subprime crisis and resulting foreclosures prompted discord among consumers, lenders and legislators all bound to one another by a web of complex financial engineering. The event represents a turning point in the world economy and our culture as fundamental societal changes are needed to rebuild the relationship between the U.S. government, Wall Street institutions, and the average American. Unethical decisions from various parties have altered the way future business will be conducted as the current economic and political policies were unable to confront the crisis before it unraveled. This paper is focused on investigating the unfavorable effects of the curr ent financial system structure established on unbreakable bonds of linkage among American communities and financial institutions. Initially, many financial experts including the International Monetary Fund (IMF) believed the crisis would be limited within the arena of mortgage lenders who had accumulated these subprime loans. But as time progressed there was an evident spread into the prime commercial and residential real estate markets as well as an impact on consumer credit. In an April 2008 Global Financial Stability Report, the IMF criticized the excessive risk-taking and weak underwriting undertaken by under-capitalized institutions and recommended measures including ratings systems reform and a change in compensation schemes for managers of financial institutions (Smith, 2009, p. 2). According to the IMF, there was a collective failure by financial institutions for not properly managing risk. The New York Times columnist Michiko Kakutani (2010) would add there were flawed mathematical models that most financial executives did not really understand themselves (Kakutani, p. 1). Essentially, Wall Street firm s turned subprime mortgages into exotic, toxic financial products by making a fortune laundering and reselling, and they were enabled in doing so by the very ratings agencies that were supposed to police risk (Kakutani, p.1). Even as the quality of the underlying loans appeared sketchy, few could have expected how the severity of the subprime fallout would threaten the U.S. economy to the degree it has so far. The idea behind subprime loans is borrowers who do not meet the credit requirements for prime mortgage loans are required to pay higher interest rates and fees than prime mortgage loans. Since a significant portion of new home ownership expansion stems from buyers with a lower income compared to historical norms, the initial down payment is relatively low. This creates more risk for lenders and requires higher interest rates attached to the monthly mortgage payment. The difference between the social and economic impact of historical home ownership compared to the subprime situation is the earlier loans created real ownership and wealth, which could be passed along to future generations. The illusion of wealth in subprime lending has led to instability within families and communities as many low-income borrowers were enticed by the ease of becoming a first-time homeowner (Muolo, 2008, p. 277-303). Its important to consider how subprime borrowers came from lower income families. Due to lower savings, they are unable to pay the typical 20% down payment on a house, thus requiring near 100% financing. This new form of lending allowed families who had previously been excluded from home-owning to participate in affordable housing programs. It was even referred to as creative financing. The common question at hand is identifying who is to blame for allowing the capital market economy to create irresponsible home ownership. Much of the subprime homes never yielded real wealth as outright ownership of the home was highly unlikely. Subprime lending to low-income people illustrates how leaders in power are able to raise awareness to followers that home ownership is a moral obligation. The leaders have demonstrated their ability to raise followers consciousness about what is and ought to be important to them (Ciulla, 2003, p. 220). The idea of home ownership even became a political agenda to make people feel like they deserve a new home. Comparisons could be made that our government was almost behaving as a Jim Jones leader. Jim Jones appealed generally to impoverished and minority individuals who felt oppressed and besieged by a hostile world. Similarly, the government allowed subprime lending to target individuals who were historically turned away. ETHICAL ANALYSIS OF MARKET CONDITIONS Understanding the ethical behaviors of the subprime fallout is rather challenging as many dynamics stem from the individual as well as from a societal level. First of all, a new research paper conducted by three respected Irish economists point to a common factor of irrational exuberance among the real estate bubbles experienced in America and Ireland. In both countries, buyers and lenders convinced themselves that real estate prices, although sky-high by historical standards, would continue to rise (Krugman, 2010, p. 2). Consequently, this prevalent belief cannot be explicitly linked to an individual as society collectively accepted these trends. Additionally, the common social viewpoint that rising incomes would continue to accommodate the rising price of homes is not any individuals responsibility. Perhaps, the forecasting models used by economic experts were excessively optimistic, but this does not make them morally irresponsible. Robert Shiller (2008) argues the housing bubble that created the subprime crisis ultimately grew as big as it did because we as a society do not understand, or know how to deal with, speculative bubbles (p. 3). It is difficult to affix an ethical verdict to something as uncontained as the market. However, a slice of moral accountability should be ascribed to key leaders who have control in shaping the market. There was a form of regulatory imprudence as the people charged with keeping banks safe didnt do their job (Krugman, 2010, p. 2). While many regulators looked the other way, the bigger issue is the ideology based on free-market fundamentalism where deregulation was thought to strengthen the financial system. The Federal Reserve chairman, Alan Greenspan, was criticized for maintaining low interest rates that further provoked subprime lending. Due to many stakeholders in the subprime story, blame has been placed on many factors such as a growing dishonesty among mortgage lenders, increasing greed among securitizers, hedge funds, and rating agencies (Shiller, 2008, p. 4). But, we can identify that Greenspan had direct control over key monetary policies such as interest rates, with foreseeable impacts. Justifying whether poor judgment was made in these decisions illustrates a moral question of his accountability. Many others question how well the government addressed regulation policies and the freedom given to banking institutions to issue reckless lending. It is also logical to believe the government essentially allowed an over inflation of homes in the market. Their openhanded efforts in rescuing weakening financial institutions beginning in 2008 with Bear Stearns, then AIG, and many others may indicate a form of duty the government has to help make amends for allowing too many Americans to have a mortgage they are unable to afford. The American financial system is filled with firms that disdain the need for government regulation in good times but insist on being rescued by the government in bad times (Kakutani, 2010, p. 2). Nevertheless, prescribing all of the liability upon the government or Federal Reserve is too unbalanced. The complex nature of the economic conditions related to the subprime crisis is larger than what any single stakeholder could instigate. Helping to fuel new mortgages, brokers sought to attract home-buyers with no money down agreements. Some likely acted of the premises that housing values and real incomes would gradually keep climbing to create a win-win situation for both parties. Again, to assign a moral indiscretion to a specific mortgage broker supplied with the best available public information to guide potential buyers is unsupported. It is not appropriate to directly attribute their actions to the subprime meltdown. But, as we continue to analyze behaviors we will see how many individuals took advantage of the economic zeal that fueled the subprime crisis (Cohan, 2009, p. 92-108). Much of what has been discussed points to the common belief of increasing prosperity and as well as a general unsupported belief in maintaining such high growth. There is quite a fine line between having sustained optimism for a bright future and a greed-like attitude that tries to hide the reality of an eventual economic decline. Would it be acceptable to morally blame society as a whole for overlooking the apparent signs of danger? Not fully. Yet, as more players in the market are outlined in the following sections we will see how the rules of the game may have deliberately hurt others. ETHICAL ANALYSIS OF KEY PLAYERS To expand upon the market condition section previously discussed the moral responsibility in the transactional loan process is analyzed next. There is a duty for each party to have transparency and truthfulness when completing a deal. Ideally, the consumer is obligated to pay loans they agree upon with the broker. As government leaders portray the promise for all Americans to have prosperity, home ownership became a reality for the most economically impoverished people. We begin to see a fabrication of falsely portrayed subprime loan applications by consumers captivated by these lucrative opportunities to have a new house. It would seem morally wrong for a person to falsify information, as most people should only want to acquire a loan they can manage with financial responsibility. However, the self-interest of satisfying their desire overcame the normal way of managing finances. There also presents a moral hazard to the broker who works for commission by getting people to sign agree ments and has no financial liability afterwards. Is the broker seeking the best interests in protecting customers? We realize the lack of concern by many brokers who overlooked the details. Ironically, as many of the brokers did not fully consider the unethical transactions, they are now the ones out of a job (Andrews, 2009, p. 133-148.). Furthermore, the lenders or banks are presented with ethical considerations as to how well they scanned applicants before providing loans. Were loan requirements not strict enough on purpose? It would seem a bad business practice to grant loans knowing customers will have late or no payments towards the principal of the loan. As we have learned, the banks ended up selling the bad loans to investors. The analysis up to this point seems to be pointing toward the idea that owning a home is becoming a morally acceptable idea and a basic right for everyone. Envision subprime loans as being a prescription drug. When placed in the hands of a diagnosed person in need of the drug, it can bring about social good, but if given to a teenager, who has no need for it, the drug can lead to destruction. This illustration shows how subprime loans require proper structuring to provide the most good. ETHICAL ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND INVESTORS Containing the misfortunate subprime loans solely between the lender and consumer could have benefited and alleviated the crisis if the loans were able to be paid by the new homeowner. But, due to lenders not making any profit on the loans they are forced to sell bad mortgages by packaging them in the form of collateralized debt in hopes of selling to investors who believe the value of the mortgage assets will increase. Again, we are confronted with the moral issue of how transparent these debt packages are represented. Do investors deserve better warning of the extreme risk of buying mortgage debts? Who is ultimately ethically accountable for selling bad debt? Everyone seemed to be caught up in this euphoria where no one expected anything bad to happen. To break down some of the moral culprits of passing along bad loans, many financial agencies were persuading clients to invest in bad debt, while at the same time these organizations sold off the loans to avoid any further losses. The apparent misuse seems morally wrong as they knowingly caused harm to investors. The rating agencies are also tossed into the blame game. Wall Street firms knew how to game the system; they knew how to get the rating agencies (which were eager to collect big fees for their services) to ineptly rate dangerous bonds (Kakutani, 2010, p. 2). Who is to protecting the financial stability of the economy by inaccurately rating risky subprime loans? Too many people assumed continued economic growth and overlooked the likelihood of the bubble bursting (Mason, 2009, p. 81-90). Overall, much of the calamity of the mortgage meltdown is due to the collective failure of society in a business and government sense to foresee the collapse, making it difficult to assign re sponsibility. PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACTS The various examples presented have illustrated the psychology involved in the real estate bubble (Schiller, p. 4). From Paul Masons (2009) book we not only have witnessed capitalisms tendency to expand the power of the market to push for the maximum freedom (p. 171), but the tendency for a double movement as ascribed by the Hungarian philosopher Karl Polanyi. As free market expansion oftentimes reduces the relationships between families, nations, and social classes to a mere commercial level based on money, a counter-tendency arises to defend common human values and community. The dynamics of the economy will require a willingness of ordinary people to impose limits, standards and sustainability on capital (Mason, p. 172). The current form of our markets have possibilities for limitless growth, yet the often selfish and unequal society in which we live in has created repeated financial distress. PHILOSOPHICAL IMPLICATIONS As many people point to banks for significantly contributing to the economic downfall, understanding how philosophers approach the situation is important to further our awareness of the problem. The premise of Immanuel Kants categorical imperative is based on the morality of the act, not outcomes, meaning an act may be done for the right reasons, even if it has bad consequences (Ciulla, 2003, p. 95). So, how can a lending institute be judged as unethical for issuing loans to help customers purchase a home? The morality failure, based on this stance would not fall on the bank. But, consider Kants statement that all rational beings stand under the law that each of them should treat himself and all others never merely as a means but always at the same time as an end in himself (Ciulla, 2003, p. 107). If the bank fails to appropriately evaluate the clients ability to pay back debt, then they are treating the client as a means for their own financial benefit and are eventually leading the ir clients to an ethical failure. On the same token, the brokers who never bothered to properly perform background checks on their clients were also satisfying their own financial desires, rather than helping customers make sound financial choices. John Stuart Mills utilitarian approach emphasizes multiplying happiness, or making life better for the majority of stakeholders in an organization, a community, or a country (Ciulla, 2003, p. 143). Therefore, Mill would view the lending institutions as providing moral value to the individuals seeking to gain home ownership. The general economy and government polices were allowing and expanding housing programs, in which there was a collective agreement that having people buy homes was a good strategy for the country. We now realize the greatest good often looks different in the short term than in the long term. In retrospect, too much emphasis may have been placed on the present and not enough concern on potential consequences of too much lending. The multiplication of happiness for those involved in subprime lending only lasted until the foreclosures and collapse of the banking industry began. Just as Kant and Mills viewpoints speak of the moral behaviors among the parties involved, Ayn Rand offers insight by arguing that every man is an end in himself, he exists for his own sake, and the achievement of his own happiness is his highest moral purpose (Ciulla, 2003, p. 47). Her position seeks happiness proper to man and does not advise seeking happiness through fraudulent schemes as this approach will lead to frustration. She believes moralitys purpose isnt to command you to sacrifice your interests for the sake of others but rather to teach you the rational values and virtues happiness in fact requires. (Ghate, 2009, p. 3). In hopes of restoring society to the place we were before the collapse, Rand would not place the primary blame on the people, but the immoral system in which they had to act. There should be a reevaluation of what genuine self-interest consists of and whether the pursuit for happiness is moral. DEATH PLEDGE As mortgages have become a norm in the American society, there is an underlying meaning to the origin. The word mortgage comes from the Latin words, mort and gage. Mort means death, and gage means a pledge to forfeit something of value if a debt is not repaid. The basics of mortgages have remained the same; high value real estate which cannot be funded by most people results in borrowing money to buy property. Many people are enslaved to meet the death pledge they signed. Borrowers should be aware of what they are doing and realize it is not always justifiable to blame the banks, as they ultimately cannot force an individual to take on a mortgage obligation. (Marples, 2008, p. 2) There seems to be a moral dilemma confronting families who still owe more on their mortgages than what their home is worth. Should they sacrifice to pay their mortgage even though their homes value may not recover for several years? Or should they simply walk away (Merrel, 2009, p. 2)? If they made an agreement with a lender to pay the loan, then on the surface it would seem morally right to continue paying for the home. After understanding the significance of a death pledge, we could argue mortgages are not ethical documents, they are legal contracts (Merrel, 2009, p. 2). So, if a person decides to stop paying their mortgage, they simply pledge the ownership of the home back to the lender. Nevertheless, realize a mortgage contract entails a promise to pay and walking away from a promise in a way leads to a breach of ethics. It seems that determining whether it is morally justifiable in walking away has to be examined on a case to case basis. In respect to the people who lost their homes due to unemployment or other valid reasons, they have a right to be upset for how the careless decisions of others hurt their American Dream. It has turned into just that, a dream, as society allowed people to believe they deserve a home they cannot afford. John Rawls, a Harvard philosopher, offers insight to the economic and moral issues societies confront regarding distributive justice. He argues as self-interested rational beings governed by principles that oppose discrimination, everyone should have equal liberties and fair distribution. He speaks of inequalities among social class wealth as only being just if and only if they are part of a larger system on which they work out to the advantage of the most unfortunate representative man (Ciulla, 2003, p. 158). Why should we be making life better for those who are already well of with nice homes and do nothing for those who are already underprivileged? Perhaps, as in the case of subprim e lending, there was an outreach by leaders to provide equal opportunity to the least advantaged persons. In order to learn from the U.S. financial crisis, we have to enforce action by people who see it as their duty to protect the American people. We have to focus as much on the regulators as on the regulations (Krugman, 2010, p. 2). Financial consumers need protection from being taken advantage of or else we will have failed to learn from our recent history and can expect to repeat it again. References Andrews, E. (2009). Busted: Life Inside the Great Mortgage Meltdown. New York, NY: W.W. Norton Company, Inc. Ciulla, J, ed. (2003). The Ethics of Leadership. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Cohan, W. (2009). House of Cards: A Tale of Hubris and Wretched Excess on Wall Street. New York, NY: Doubleday Publishing Group. Ghate, O. (2009, June). The Economy Needs Ayn Rand. BusinessWeek. Retrieved February 24, 2010, from businessweek.com/debateroom/archives/2009/04/the_ economy_ nee_1.html Kakutani, M. (2010, March). Investors Who Foresaw the Meltdown. New York Times, March 15. Krugman, P. (2010, March). An Irish Mirror. New York Times, March 8. Marples, G. (2008, September). The History of Home Mortgages. TheHistoryOf. Retrieved February 25, 2010, from thehistoryof.net/history-of-home-mortgages.html Mason, P. (2009). Meltdown: The End of the Age of Greed. London: Verso. Merrel, S. (2009, September). A Thorny Dilemma: The Ethics of Mortgage Walkaways. SmartNestEgg. Retrieved February 27, 2010, from smartnestegg.com/blog/2009/9/4/a- thorny-dilemma-the-ethics-of-mortgage-walkaways.html Muolo, P., Padilla, M. (2008). Chain of Blame: How Wall Street Caused the Mortgage and Credit Crisis. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Shiller, R. (2008). The Subprime Solution: How Todays Global Financial Crisis Happened, and What to do About it. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Smith, V. (2009, April). IMF: Mortgage Crisis May Cost $945bn Worldwide. InfiniteUnkwown. Retrieved March 1, 2010, from infiniteunknown.net/2008/04/09/imf- mortgage-crisis-may-cost-945bn-worldwide
Monday, August 19, 2019
my last dutchess character analyzing Essay -- essays research papers
My last Duchess â€Å"That’s my last Duchess painted on the wall, looking as if she were alive.†The duck of Ferrara starts his monologue with a sight of regret that raises the sympathy of the readers and makes them feel that he had lost his beloved wife and is very upset about that. However, in the next few sentences he reveals the dark side of his character and brings the readers to a realization that the Duck of Ferrara is not a noble gentle man. In fact, he is a hysteric murderer who has killed his wife and is very arrogant, possessive, and oppressive. Like many other renaissance Ducks, The duck of Ferrara is very arrogant and selfish. He is very proud of himself and his ancestors. He believes it is his wife’s privilege to be married with him and she should be thankful for â€Å"the gift of a nine-hundred –year’s-old name†that he gave her. The fact that â€Å"[his] favor at her breast, the dropping of the daylight in the west, the bough of cherries some officious fool broke in the orchard for her†¦all and each would draw from her alike the approving speech†disgusts him. He thinks he should be treated specially not like anyone else and with â€Å"Much the same smile,†but he can not stoop â€Å"to blame this sort of trifling.†Duck of Ferrara is very materialist, possessive and greedy. He has a sense of ownership and a strong desire to control everything. He thinks of his wife’s picture only as a fine art work and refers to it as â€Å"a piece of wonder.†Her pure emotions and sentimental nature ...
Sunday, August 18, 2019
Thomas Jefferson Essay examples -- essays research papers
Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13, 1743 to Peter and Jane Jefferson. His exact place of birth is not known. But it is believed to be about five miles outside of Charlottesville. He had ten brothers and sisters, but many of them died very young. Jefferson was one of two surviving sons. He was sandy-haired, tall, and awkward. His nickname was â€Å"Long Tom.†He really enjoyed outdoor activities, especially riding, shooting, and canoeing. Jefferson was also great musician and a diligent worker who loved to study. His father impressed upon him a love of reading and writing. Although he was not a great public speaker, Jefferson was a very eloquent writer. After his father’s death, Jefferson left for school in Williamsburg. He fell in love there many times, but did not marry until he entered law school. He met and fell in love with a twenty-one year old widow named Martha Skelton, they married in 1772. The couple had six children, but three died in infancy. By all accou nts, they had a very happy marriage. â€Å"The young couple was exceedingly happy and exceedingly busy†¦[they were] gay and loving†(Padover, 23). Early in their marriage they were very wealthy. The Jefferson’s were one of the largest land owners in Virginia by the time Tom was in his late twenties. Partly because of Tom’s hard work, but mainly because of the large amount of land and money left to them by Martha’s father in his will.      In his thirties, Jefferson was Virginia’s delegate to congre...
Art: Interaction vs Participation :: Graduate Admissions Essays
Art: Interaction vs Participation I am a Burning Man participant since 1998. Last year when I went to SIGgraph -- my first since I began participating in Burning Man -- the artwork there left me utterly uninspired. Nothing there brought to life a deeper desire to create like the artwork at Burning Man did, though both events deliver similar kinds of artwork. Don't get me wrong. The art at SIGgraph was good but it didn't change me like the art at Burning Man does. I have been trying to define what that difference is. And more importantly, how to harness whatever aspect of Burning Man art makes it so much more deeply inspiring. I believe I am finally able to draw that line, and that line is what seperates interaction from participation. What is the definition of interaction? The on-line Mirriam Webster dictionary defines interation thus: "mutual or reciprocal action or influence". In art, interaction can be a button or control that has influence over the art in some way. Interaction in art brings the viewer into the art by allowing the viewer to have control over aspects of the art itself. This adds a dimention of action vs. passiveness, inclusion vs. exclusion, direction vs. submission. Interactivity allows a viewer to have defined control over the art in some form. So what makes participation different from interaction? The second M-W definition of participation is this: "the state of being related to a larger whole." A very powerful statement in the area of art, but what does it mean? How can the viewer become a part of the greater whole in a piece of artwork? I have an answer for this question, but first let me describe some examples of participation and interaction and see if that line becomes easier to draw: At SIGgraph 1999, there was a marble-maze game. The viewers step on the virtual maze to tip it to make the virtual marble roll through part of the maze. The first act of "participation" at Burning Man was at the first Burn. Larry Harvey built a large wooden man and took him to Baker's Beach to burn him. People began gathering around. While he burned, a woman went over and held the Man's hand. I read a story about a group that brought materials for building sock puppets.
Saturday, August 17, 2019
Martin Bernal and describes Essay
Black Athena is the works of Martin Bernal and describes the Afro-asiatic roots of classical civilization in ancient Greece. Martin examines the perception of ancient Greece in relation to its African and Asiatic neighbours especially in West Europe. This occurred in the 18th century onwards and exhibits the denial by the western academia and the influence of the Greek culture on civilization. In his work Bernin does not support the Greek civilization as being founded by the Aryan settlers whose trace is Europe. He gives proves as to the arguments of the famous great Grecian thinkers like Plato, Socrates and Aristotle that Phoenician civilization originally colonized Greece. In this basis he comes up with a theory based on the methodology of these historians and this theory states that Greece was colonized by northern invaders with their existing colony established in Phoenicia. (Moore, 2001) He uses several examples to explain that countries of Africa like Egypt and those on the west are being admired by prominent European leaders because of their historical backgrounds. The current Greek language spoken in classical Grecian world has its roots in the proto Greek language and influence from other Anatolian languages that were spoken nearby. The culture in Greece is believed to have been developed as a result of comparison of unity of elements. Bernam puts great emphasis on the elements of Africa that shaped the Grecian history. He compares the 19th and 20th century eurocentrism with the development of the western appropriation culture and its development. He argues that the western world influenced the Modern Greek language terming the contact between the indo European languages and the culturally influenced Egyptian and Semitic languages as very key in the determination of the modern Grecian culture and language. He gives examples of some words being used in the modern language of Greece to have been from these origins. He estimates the introduction of the Greek alphabet to have been between the period 1800 and 1400 BC. (Moore, 2001) Bernal came to the conclusion that the relationship between ancient Greek and Egyptian influence should not be taken lightly. His background traces to the interests he had on Egypt since childhood and the inspirations by his father. He is further encouraged to take this direction by the discovery of the works of Cyrus Gordon and Astour. Afrocentrism which is now the most felt model in the North American primary and secondary schools has been noted to be the most significant and challenging developments in higher education systems and curriculums. It’s a model which encompasses both multi cultural and Afro Hellenic orientations. This simply means that it’s grounded in ethnic and cultural diversity and the aspect that it is attributed to Africa. In contrast with the black Athena which attributes the development of modern Greece to the western world, the Afrocentric model attributes it to be an abstract, intellectual civilization which is grounded in the traditional orientations of western civilization. Bernal’s discovery of the black Athena is the modern thinking of how the Greek world came into being but has been criticized as not with definite reasons as afrocentric movement. His was of a different order that racist and anti Semitic scholars only showed the historical facts from the Bronze Age onwards making the culture of Greece to be a product of only Egyptians and Levantines. He argues that for the complete concealing of the origin of the Greek culture we need to consider the north of Athens and the medditerenian island of Crete, civilizations which took place in the third millennium. Bernal’s case is different from the afrocentric models because it rests upon on legend and myth. It relies upon the stories told by the ancient Greeks like Aristotle and Aristotle. He interprets these stories as the memories of the Egyptian and Phoenician developments. There is a critic about this however because we need to ask ourselves ‘of what benefit is myths and legends? ’ (Bernal, 1987) Bernal attributes archaeology, myth and linguistic borrowings as evidence to the development in Greece. The history and development of Greece is of much importance to the culture adopted today in Greece. Without the historical base Bernal suggests that tracing of the Greek history and civilization would be very complicated. Bernal claims that approximately 30% of Greek is of Semitic origin, 20% from Egyptian origin and the rest from the ancient Greek origin. Critics however have suggested that his demonstrations is only based on the resemblance merely and not the principles of linguistic adaptation. Bernal takes the similarity of a few words and tries to generalize. The afro centric orientation is based on the western world and argues that linguistic development in Greek civilization has been natural like the development of any other language. (Bernal, 1987) The contention that the Egyptians were the greatest civilization in history is critically opposed by the Afrocentrists. Afrocentrists view the Egyptians as only blacks who cannot contribute anything to the civilizations which took place especially in Greece. Bernal regarded the developments of Greeks like the scientific and mathematical orientations as very important movements. It’s however criticized by the afrocentrics as a total disregard of the facts of chronology. Conclusion The black Athena and the afrocentric movements have had an influence to the history and civilizations of the current Grecian histories. In our study of the two models we need to understand the fact that the current ancient civilization is as a result of amalgamation of the two models. Bernal in his book Black Athena: The afroasiantic roots of Classical civilization addresses the issues which have made the Greek world today be the way it is. Reference: Bernal, M. (1987) Black Athena: Afroasiantic roots of Classical Civilization, Rutgers University press. Moore, D. (2001) Black Athena writes back, Duke University press.
Friday, August 16, 2019
Sex and Death in LA
Wait, people won't believe she tried killing herself, what if I say she fell off her commode and blame someone else. I picked Miss Jenkins up from the floor and laid her on the couch, I put some clothes on her because she enjoyed sleeping half naked. I took the beer she had opened and grabbed the half empty bottle of sleeping pills and placed them on the table right next to Miss Jenkins. I grabbed Buffy's rhinestone leash and headed out with my precious Lhasa apso dog. As soon as I was walking out the building, I saw the doorman and remembered I had to tell im about Miss Jenkins. â€Å"Doorman.I need you to run upstairs to my apartment and call a doctor. †â€Å"Why? What's the matter? †he said. â€Å"Miss Jenkins fell off her commode and is in serious pain. She needs a doctor right away. †â€Å"Okay I'll call a doctor and I'll tell him to check up on her. †â€Å"Fine, I will be back in a few, I need to walk my dog. And do not steal anything from my ap artment. †I said. While walking with Buffy, I couldn't help but to be happy, things will get better between the two of us. We'll be happy again, and all the fighting will stop. I was so appy, I ended the walk with Buffy short, to go make sure the doorman had called the doctor.As I walked towards the building I noticed he wasn't in the front where he usually stands. He must be upstairs with the doctor now. As soon as I walked into my apartment, I saw another person leaning over Miss Jenkins. I assumed I was being robbed by the doorman and this stranger, IVe never seen before. I quickly questioned the stranger what was he doing here. He didn't look like a doctor, he seemed too young to be a doctor. The doorman reassured me he was a neighbor of mine and was also a doctor. I questioned if he was a doctor like he says, why isn't he helping her?I saw him reach over Miss Jenkins and hurt Buffy, I began to scream, mfou bastard! You bastard! Hurting a poor, innocent dog! †I sta rted kicking him, he nurt my baby. I heard a loud knock on the door, I began screaming again mfou robbed me, you robbed me! †Whoever was knocking on the door, told us to stand clear of the door, they were coming through. â€Å"Shit, Cops! †screamed the doorman â€Å"So? †said the doctor â€Å"I'm carrying! †â€Å"Aha, I knew it! †I said as I was opening the door to see a fireman with his ax upraised. He was trying to hack down my door.
Thursday, August 15, 2019
Intentional Teaching Cycle
The Connecticut Preschool Assessment Framework manual states â€Å"early childhood teaching is a continuous process of planning and observing. Teachers plan activities and experiences that help children learn. As the educators observe the students, the educators learn about the students and then are able to plan new activities and teaching strategies to challenge the students to progress further. This process is called intentional teaching†.The intentional teaching cycle contains four ongoing phases, which are planning and implementing, observing and assessing, repeating the cycle, and summarizing. Add reference The Intentional teaching process begins to take place when teachers are deliberate, thoughtful, informed, and purposeful in his or her decisions and actions. A vital part for Intentional teaching educators is to keep up to date with the most current research pertaining to the best practice principles and then apply them to your everyday practice.I think intentional tea ching educators who have limited knowledge about a particular student’s interest should research the topic on the internet, at the library, local community and various other ways to gain more knowledge. I think this will allow teachers to engage with every child, encourage worthwhile conversations, promote interactions, challenging experiences that will encourage a higher level of thinking for the teacher and the students. My experience thus far using the cycle of intentional teaching occurred when I was working with two students in the block area.The two students were string the blocks. One of the students complained the other student had more blocks than her. I asked them how can we find out if both of you have the same amount of blocks to string? One of the students said we can count them or use a ruler, the other said we could line them up, then the other student said we could use a scale to weight the blocks. I think in this scenario the children were able to think at a higher level mathematically by thinking of the different ways to determine who had the most blocks as well as how they could divide the blocks up evenly.
Wednesday, August 14, 2019
Fahrenheit 451 Essay
People’s actions and their individual perceptions can influence and develop change in another person’s character. In Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, the main character, Guy Montag, makes a complete metamorphosis with the help from his neighbor Clarisse, his wife Mildred, and his boss Beatty. In the beginning of the novel, he despised the whole idea of reading, had no thoughts or questions about his life, and was just going through the motions of life. He changes from a stolid character, incognizant of the activities of his surroundings, to a conscious person of. So enlightened, by the new world he is exposed to, he comes to the realization that there is more life than what meets the eye. There are many stimuli in Montag’s society that help him change. The one who began this new outlook and the one to always leave him thinking deeply about other possibilities and ways to see the world was his neighbor, Clarisse. She was a very positive influence on him even though she was a young, teenage girl. She is classified to be unremarkable and who does the opposite of what the others do. She is also very perceptive and â€Å"[she] like[s] to watch people†¦[and] just wants to figure out who they are and what they want and where they’re going†(32-33). Clarisse teaches Montag to look around him, look at the people for who they really are, and to notice that all of society is brainwashed to thinking about nothing. This is something he had not noticed before. She enjoys talking to Montag, asking him questions about himself, and she loves to talk about the world and it’s wonderful possibilities that others fail to observe. Clarisse helps him look around and distinguish that others are not taking the time to actually see that the†White blurs are houses†¦ [and] Brown blurs are cows†(83) and everyone is just going through life to quickly and not actually looking at anything in detail. Montag never a deep thinker is numb to his surroundings and emotions. He begins to pullout of his complacency as Clarisse gives the gift of clarity and helps him pay attention to what is really important in life, just not what his society tells him to see. Montag’s Wife, Mildred, is a negative influence on him, trying to push him away emotionally and physically. She does not know who she really is and lives in an illusionary world with her obsession of television shows and believing they are real. He is so confused because she tries to ignore it ever happened thinking about all the bad things; â€Å"fire, sleeping tablets, men disposable tissue, coattails, blow, wad, flush†¦ Rain. The storm. The uncle laughing†¦ The whole world pouring down†¦ †(19). After this incident he looks at Mildred in a different light and is someone who he can’t relate to. Another way she separates herself from Montag is through her â€Å"family†, which is a television show. Montag constantly asks Millie â€Å"[if that] family loves [her]†¦ love [her] with all their heart and soul†(83). Her world isn’t based in reality; they are clearly on different paths. Hers is one of illusion and his is becoming that of a totally self-aware person. She blocks everything and everyone out that is around her and lives within the show. Mildred opens Montag’s eyes to the real world and shows him that most people are uncaring and narcissistic. Another influencing character is Beatty, his boss and chief of police who is very knowledgeable. He finds out that Montag has books in his possession and that is when the start of the climax. Beatty is an unintentional influence, meaning he has no idea that he is changing Montag. He pushes and pushes Montag to his limits and Montag rebels. He tries to tell Montag that books aren’t good and that nothing is good about them. â€Å"At least one fireman gets an itch. What do the books say, he wonders. Oh, to scratch that itch, eh? Well, Montag, take my word for it, I’ve had to read a few in my time, to know what I was about, and the books say nothing†¦Ã‚ You come away lost. †(66). Beatty really wants to discourage Montag from books, but it just makes him go in the opposite direction. Beatty helps Montag change for the better without even noticing. Many people influence us in our lives. They can be positive influences, or negative influences. Montag changes for the better in the novel Fahrenheit 451, because of the people around him. At the end of the book, after he escapes the authorities, he is reborn into a whole different person. He becomes a better person aware of the real things in life.
Tuesday, August 13, 2019
Describe the differences between the R list and vector Essay
Describe the differences between the R list and vector - Essay Example Visualising data as graphs ,maps and boxplots is another important requirement . R comes with strong graphical and mapping facilities. â€Å"R is an integrated suite of software facilities for data manipulation. R is very much a vehicle for newly developing methods of interactive data analysis. Many consider R as a statistical system. It is an environment in which most of classical and modern statistical techniques have been implemented†.(Venables et al 2009) . â€Å"Every thing is an object in R. All Objects are built of a basic set of built-in objects. The type of an object define how it is stored in R. Objects in R also are members of a class. .Classes define what information objects contain and how these objects may be used â€Å".(Adler Joseph 2009) All kinds of vectors can be created using the c(†¦.) function where c stands for combine or concatenate . Numeric vectors containing a sequence of values can be created using the sequence function seq( ) or using the operator :. Vectors can also be created by repetition of elements using rep( ) function(Alder Joseph 2009) Vectors can be used in arithmetic expressions ,in which case the operations are performed element by element. The elementary arithmetic operators are +,-,*,/ and ^ (Venable etal 2010).Vectors need not be of the same length A lot of built in mathematical functions are available in R which can take a vector as an argument and return another vector as a result .Such functions are called vectorised functions .Such functions make calculating and plotting mathematical functions easy. Lists are created using the list function .Objects in the list can also be named . Components in the list can accessed by the double subscript `i` where i is the position in the list. If the objects in the list are named ,the components can be accessed using
US - EU Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words
US - EU - Essay Example Educational institutions--explicitly including universities--are not philanthropic islands of abstract debate. This maxim of the German President is borne out by this colloquium, for this is not merely an 'abstract debate'. And there can be no talk of an 'island', either, for this is a cross-border, joint meeting of SUERF and the CFS. Incidentally, the motive is the exchange of knowledge with the financial community including central banks, thus avoiding all suspicion of insular ivory-tower erudition. There can be no doubt that the financial community will likewise benefit from an exchange of knowledge.1 After all, the euro was and is an intellectual challenge for all those concerned with it. An interesting exchange of views is therefore to be expected, and a debate based on two fundamental perceptions may be fruitful:1) A consistent monetary policy, committed primarily to the target of stability, is the best contribution a central bank--no matter whether the Bundesbank or the Europe an Central Bank (ECB)--can make to the viability of the financial markets. Without stable money, the financial markets cannot function properly.2) Conversely, it must also be said that monetary policy needs an efficient, highly competitive and stable financial system. In the first place, a financial sector that is susceptible to disruption poses risks to the entire monetary system, and thus also to the safety of the currency. Second, in a stable environment, monetary policy impinges on economic activity more smoothly. That was and is true of the Bundesbank's monetary policy.2 It is bound to apply to the European System of Central Banks' (ESCB's) monetary policy as well. Clarity now obtains in some matters of significance to financial market players concerning the euro. The future framework for economic policy action is now emerging ever more clearly. Since its constitutive meeting in June 1998, the ECB Governing Council has taken a multitude of important decisions. There is broad clarity today about the arsenal of instruments with which the ESCB will operate. The primary buttress of refinancing will be repo transactions, which have been so successful at the national level. The interest rate for this main source of finance will lie within the corridor whose ceiling and floor are marked out by the interest rates for the marginal lending and deposit facilities. These principal elements of the range of instruments have been designed with the intention of the money market developing as steadily as possible, so that recourse to fine-tuning instruments can be relatively rare. The same purpose is served by minimum reserves, which are often criticized in banking circles. At a rate of 2 per cent, the cost burden is kept within very narrow bounds, especially considering that, owing to the envisaged payment of interest on minimum reserves, the banks' working balances, which will have to be held anyway, will yield interest. In the envisaged form (a reserve to be maintained as a monthly average) they will act as a buffer in the money market. They can therefore largely cushion unforeseen fluctuations in the demand for liquid funds without any major central bank intervention. A very important step on the way to a single monetary policy is the agreement on the main elements of the monetary policy strategy that was reached in the ECB Governing Council on 13 October 1998. These elements contain the quantitative definition of price stability as the primary objective of the single monetary policy: 'Price stability shall be defined as a year-on-year increase in the Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices for the euro area of below 2%.' By this decision, the ECB Governing Council is following up to a large degree the Bundesbank's successful strategy, while at the same time taking due account of the specific conditions
Monday, August 12, 2019
Zemax EE Software and Programming Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words
Zemax EE Software and Programming - Dissertation Example Aside from investigating properties such as reflection coefficient, absorption coefficient, temperature variation, and thermal conductivity, additional theoretical estimations are made. An example is the determination of focal length, exposed effective areas, and light collection and concentration for all components. A number of designs are evaluated to examine the effect of different geometrical shapes of light pipes for refraction studies and light cups for reflection studies. Zemax software is used for a large part of this study. Therefore, this chapter details the basics of Zemax software for optical design and ray tracing. Software programs for lens design and optical studies have been of immense utility in the field of optics. Their advent has substantially simplified and enhanced our understanding of optical design and analysis. As stated by Winston, Minano, and Benitez (2005), The design of imaging optical systems is a classic ?eld of research that has achieved a high level o f development. There are on the market optical design programs that permit the numerical optimization of the design parameters, allowing us to obtain results that were unattainable with the analytical tools used before the development of computers (p. 219). Software programs are based on a number of optical principles, such as geometrical optics and ray tracing that function according to the basic laws of optics. The following sections discuss these basic principles along with an introduction to Zemax software that is used in this study. 4.2. Ray Tracing Programs and Geometrical Optics The basic tool required in designing any imaging or non-imaging optical system is geometrical optics (Winston, Minano, & Benitez, 2005). Geometrical optics is based on the universal laws of reflection, refraction, and transmission of light. The incident light on a reflective surface and the reflected light from that surface always make equal angles to the normal, and they lie on the same plane. In cas e of transmitted light, the direction of the refracted and transmitted ray changes according to Snell’s law of refraction, according to which the sine of the angle between the incident ray and the normal is in constant ratio with the sine of the angle between the refracted ray and the normal, with all three being coplanar (Winston, Minano, & Benitez). Based on these universal laws of light, the behavior of a light ray in any optical system can be predicted. Simple optical systems can be predicted manually, but complex ones require sophisticated computer programs that can easily predict the behavior of light through computerized ray tracing. Even the analysis and design of solar concentrators requires such a program. Ray tracing is the process of constructing or following the paths of light rays through an optical system consisting of refracting and reflecting surfaces (Winston, Minano, & Benitez, 2005). For instance, the transmission of a specific concentrator can be determin ed through ray tracing as follows: N rays enter a concentrator’s aperture at a ? angle of incidence at the entry aperture of the concentrator, as shown in Figure 4.1. Fig. 4.1: Ray tracing of the rays transmitted through a concentrator to determine transmission (Winston, Minano, & Benitez, 2005). After the rays are traced through the optical system, N’ rays appear from the concentrator’s exit aperture. The dimensions of the exit aperture are determined based on the required concentration ratio of the system. The remaining N and N’ rays are lost through various processes such as ray scattering. The transmission power of the system for a different angle of incidence
Sunday, August 11, 2019
State capitalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words
State capitalism - Essay Example How counter concept socialism, this tool for fighting is often utilized in political debate. For some, it is very improbable that this period has adequate technical merit. There is no short and so straightforward delineation of the notion is usually acknowledged, for the straightforward cause that communal idea in general, in a sense, this is a try to work out the source, environment and destiny of capitalism (Bremmer 240). Therefore, what should of necessity highly selective representation. Its aim is directed at some centered issue of outlook on capitalism as humanity, as annals and as a presence. Theories State capitalism is a scheme in which the government actions as "the superior financial contestant, and is utilized mostly in markets for political purposes. The last cause is not financial (maximum growth), but the political (the greatest power of the state and the possibilities of survival on the direction)." Presence of the state in the finances, although, does not mechanicall y make the state-capitalist country. In the end, the international economic urgent position that started in 2008 apparently established that even the authorities of the capitalist market, in dire attenuating components, manage not hesitate to attempt a huge intervention in their economies. The distinction between them and the capitalist state, Bremmer said that government intervention will not be glimpsed as "a sequence of provisional assesses to refurbish the shattered finances and revive the finances into recession," but as "long-term strategic principle decisions." To state capitalist markets work â€Å"mainly as a device that assists the nationwide concern, or not less than those of the ruling elite, other than as an motor of opening for the man (Van Kersbergen 82-105)". Patterns have not become recognizable for the fact that the capitalist administrators have accepted free markets and free persons as a reality, but due to the fact that they have accepted that they can hold a r estriction on both. By the time Obama went into the agency, state capitalism was the dignity of the court of Moscow, Beijing and elsewhere. History, Political Idea, Financial Schemes People conceive these organizations through their own activities, but not habitually by alternative or as they glimpse fit. Marx and Marxists concentrated their theoretical and empirical study on the capitalist scheme and the emergence and transformation. Due to the mismatch between the organizations between, for demonstration, "productive forces" (among other things, new information, technologies and technical expansion that assist to the creation of such a force) and the "relations of output (for demonstration, personal ownership of entails of output or administration scheme and control), the capitalist scheme in urgent position, finally premier to transformation. In supplement, up to date capitalism has been making the figures and more items, but such productive fertility is endangered by need of buy er demand (staff) (Galbraith 87-99). Manufacturers are opposite smaller earnings, or some bankruptcy of many. This directs to the consolidation and paves the way for the future are often more international crises. According to Marx, technological advancement and information, expanding the dimensions of output flats, assist to alterations in the way of output and, therefore, to redistribute power between categories over time. And circulation, lead to alterations in political and heritage institutions3 said
Saturday, August 10, 2019
Wireless and Mobile Technologies Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Wireless and Mobile Technologies - Case Study Example One of the ways that organizations use wireless technologies to improve business efficiencies is by the development of mobile and computer applications that allow customers to access their services. The technologies are also used in e-commerce where customers can order for goods and services online and give their feedback (Smyth & Institution of Electrical Engineers, 2004. At the same time, mobile and wireless technologies improve business efficiency when used to send important information to the customers regarding the company’s products and services. In other words, it improves communication and, therefore, enhances business communications. Many businesses use wireless and mobile technologies to interact with their domestic and international customers, especially in the modern era of globalization. Delta implemented a number of wireless and mobile technologies. It installed an in-flight Wi-Fi on the domestic flights as well as smartphone apps with smart features such as trac king of baggage and customer check-in (News.delta.com, 2015). The mobile and wireless technology also include the customer care service via Twitter that runs for 24 hours. Customers also have the ability to book tickets directly from Facebook. The wireless and mobile technologies utilized by Delta help to improve business efficiency. Through the Twitter customer care, customers can be served quickly from the comfort of their homes. The online booking service also helps to reduce transportation costs for the customers to the booking offices. Likewise, the mobile tracking system helps to recover lost and stolen goods. This improves the reliability of the organization to the customer. The technologies also help to ensure that many customers can be served within a short duration. This is unlike the case where all the customers are required to visit distinguished offices to get the services.
Friday, August 9, 2019
Service Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
Service Marketing - Essay Example Hart (1990) stated that recruiting a new customer costs five times than to keep current customers happy and content. This statement holds great value in every sense as organizations often try hard to keep customers happy by offering great services. At the same time, organizations have service recovery tools that help in gaining customers loyalty and trust back. Service recovery tools often help in enhancing customer’s retention by properly responding to service failures. The assignment aims at highlighting the impact of service failure on the business along with developing a service recovery model based on understanding and empowering customers. The organization chosen for this purpose is Tiger Airways Australia based in Melbourne, Victoria. In the past, Tiger Airways has received a number of complaints ineffective customer care service, flight delays and improper handling of grievances. This can be considered as a serious service failure offering a reason to be dissatisfied a nd frustrated with the services being offered. The analysis would help in understanding and analyzing the ways through which service failure can be addressed using service recovery tools in an effective and efficient manner helping the organization to win customer’s trust and loyalty back. An Overview of the Organization Tiger Airways Australia is a low cost airlines based in Melbourne, Australia. It started its operations in the year 2007 with strong focus on domestic markets. The organization has been performing well but not that well to compete with other competitors because of serious problems pertaining to the services being offered. As per the Bureau of infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics in Australia, Tiger Airways have consistently lower percentage of on-time arrival and departure with high percentage of cancellations. Tiger Airways also used marketing strategies to boost its sales figures and presence across the country through an advertisement campaign named â€Å"The Low Fare Revolution†. Tiger Airways have been hit by a number of criticisms pertaining to its services and can be considered as an ideal organization to analyze the concepts of service failure and recovery. Concept of Service Failure When organizations offer services to customers, the only motive is to make them feel good and content with the offered services. Customers also have pre-conceived and experienced notions on services and when these notions do not match with the services being offered; it is termed as a service failure. Service failure often frustrates customers along with making them change the service provider. It creates negative a negative impact on the business activities along with offering an edge to customers. It needs to be mentioned that service failure is bound to happen and organizations are supposed to be good enough to tackle service failures. Tiger Airways have been accused of poor customer service and high rate of cancellation. Furth er, the support and guidance from the management is almost negligible that has reduced the satisfaction level of customers. The service recovery tools that could have been of great help in dealing with service failures have been discussed in the following part in an analytical manner. Service Recovery and its Importance
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